1. Magnetism Alternating-Current Circuits

2. Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf
Alternating current motor
Instead of mechanically rotating, we can apply an ac potential difference generated by other ac generator to the coil. This produces an ac current in the coil, and the magnetic field exerts forces on the wires producing a torque that rotates the coil.

3. The magnetic field.
Magnetic forces on moving charges.
Magnetic forces on a current element
Torques on current loops and magnets

4. The Magnetic Field Magnets
The Earth is a natural magnet with magnetic poles near the north and south geographic poles.

5. The Magnetic Field
Magnets
Does an isolated magnetic pole exist?
The SI units of magnetic field is the tesla [T]
Earth magnetic field is about 10-4 T
Powerful laboratories produce fields of 1 -2 T as a maximum
1 Gauss [G] = 10-4 Tesla [T]

6. The Magnetic Field

7. The Magnetic Field. Magnetic force on a moving charge
A proton is moving in a region of crossed fields E = 2x105 N/C and B = 3000 G, as shown in the figure. (a) What is the speed of the proton if it is not deflected. (b) If the electric field is disconnected, draw the path of the proton

8. The Magnetic Field. Magnetic force on a current element
In the case of a straight segment of length L

9. The Magnetic Field. Torques on Current loops and MagnetsB
A current-carrying loop experiences no net force in a uniform magnetic field, but it does experience a torque that tends to twist the loop
A circular loop of radius 2 cm has 10 turns of wire and carries a current of 3 A. The axis of the loop makes an angle of 30º with a magnetic field of 8000 G. Find the magnitude of the torque on the loop.

10. Sources of Magnetic Field
The Magnetic Field of Moving Charges
The Magnetic Field of Currents. The Biot- Savart Law
The Magnetic Field Due to a Current loop

11. Sources of Magnetic Field
Moving Point Charges are the source of Magnetic Field

12. Sources of Magnetic Field
A solenoid
A solenoid is a wire tightly wounded into a helix of closely space turns . A solenoid is used to produce a strong, uniform magnetic field in the region surrounded by the loops
In this figure, the length is ten times longer than the radius
For a long solenoid
Find the magnetic field at the center of a solenoid of 600 turns, length 20 cm; radius 1.4 cm that carries a current of 4 A
n = N/L; N number of turns; L : length of solenoid

13. Sources of Magnetic Field: Solenoid and magnets
Left: Magnetic field lines of a solenoid; right Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet

14. Magnetic Induction
Magnetic Flux
Induced EMF and Faraday´s Law
Lenz´s Law

15. Magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a loop of wire.
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
In 1830, Michel Faraday in England and Joseph Henry in the USA independently discovered that in a changing magnetic field, a changing magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a stationary loop of wire induces a current in the wire: emf induced and induced current. This process is known as induction.
In a static magnetic field, a changing magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a moving loop of wire induces an emf in the wire: motional emf
Magnetic flux through a surface bounded by a loop of wire.
The SI unit for magnetic flux is weber [Wb] 1Wb= 1 T∙m2
Find the magnetic flux through a 40 cm long solenoid with a 2.5 cm radius and 600 turns carrying a current of 7.5 A.

16. MAGNETIC INDUCTION
The induced emf is in such direction as to oppose, or tend to oppose, the change that produces it Lenz´s Law

17. MAGNETIC INDUCTION
The coil with many turns of wire gives a large flux for a given current in the circuit. Thus, when the current changes, there is a large emf induced in the coil opposing the change. This self-induced emf is called a back emf

18. Eddy Currents
Heat produced by eddy currents constitute a power loss in a transformer. But eddy currents have some practical applications: damping mechanical oscillations, magnetic braking system

19. Inductance Self-inductance The SI unit of inductance is the henry [H]
1 H = 1 Wb/A= 1 T.m2.A-1
Find the self-inductance of a solenoid of length 10 cm, area 5 cm2, and 100 turns

21. Magnetic Energy

22. Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf
Alternating current motor
Instead of mechanically rotating, we can apply an ac potential difference generated by other ac generator to the coil. This produces an ac current in the coil, and the magnetic field exerts forces on the wires producing a torque that rotaes the coil.

23. Alternating Current Generators
A coil of area A and N turns rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field produces a sinusoidal emf

24. Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating current in a Resistor Inductors in Alternating Currents Capacitors in Alternating Currents

25. Alternating currents in a Resistor
Potential drop across the resistor, VR Current in the resistor I Power dissipated in the resistor, P Average power dissipated in the resistor Paverage

26. Root-Mean-Square Values

27. Inductors in Alternating Current Circuits
The potential drop across the inductor led the current 90º (out of phase)
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Instantaneous power delivered by the emf to the inductor is not zero
The average power delivered by the emf to the inductor is zero.

28. Inductors in Alternating Current Circuits
The potential drop across a 40-mH inductor is sinusoidal with a peak potential drop of 120 V. Find the inductive reactance and the peak current when the frequency is (a) 60 Hz, and (b) 2000 Hz
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Instantaneous power delivered by the emf to the inductor is not zero
The average power delivered by the emf to the inductor is zero.

29. Capacitors in Alternating Current Circuits
The potential drop lags the current by 90º
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
Power delivered by the emf in the capacitor: Instantaneous and average

30. Driven RLC Circuits Series RLC circuit
The Kirchhoff´s rules govern the behavior of potential drops and current across the circuit.
When any closed-loop is traversed, the algebraic sum of the changes of potential must equal zero (loops rule)
At any junction (branch point) in a circuit where the current can be divided, the sum of the currents into the junction must equal the sum of the currents out of the junction (junction rule)

31. Series RLC circuits

32. Power delivered to the series RLC circuit
Power factor: cosδ

33. Series RLC circuits
A series RLC circuit with L = 2 H, C =2 μF and R=20Ω is driven by an ideal generator with a peak emf of 100 V and a frequency of 60 Hz, find (a) the current peak (b) the phase (c) the power factor, (d) the average power delivered; (e) the peak potential drop across each element

34. Phasors Potential drop across a series RLC circuit
Potential drop across a resistor can be represented by a vector VR, which is called a phasor. Then, the potential drop across the resistor IR, is the x component of vector VR,
Potential drop across a series RLC circuit

35. In the circuit shown in the figure, the ac generator produces an rms voltage of 115 V when operated at 60 Hz. (a) What is the rms current in the circuit (b) What is the power delivered by the ac generator (c) What is the rms voltage across: points AB; points BC; points CD; points AC; points BD?.
A certain electrical device draws 10 A rms and has an average power of 720 W when connected to a 120-V rms 60-Hz power line. (a ) What is the impedance of the device? (b) What series combination of resistance and reactance is this device equivalent to? (c) If the current leads the emf, is the reactance inductive or capacitive?

36. The Transformer
A transformer is a device to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit without an appreciable loss of power. Power losses arise from Joule heating in the small resistances in both coils, or in currents loops (eddy currents) within the iron core. An ideal transformer is that in which these losses do not occur, 100% efficiency. Actual transformers reach % efficiency
Because of the iron core, there is a large magnetic flux through each coil, even when the magnetizing current Im in the primary circuit is very small The primary circuit consists of an ac generator and a pure inductance (we consider a negligible resistance for the coil). Then the average power dissipated in the primary coil is zero. Why?: The magnetizing current in the primary coil and the voltage drop across the primary coil are out of phase by 90º
Secondary coil open circuit The potential drop across the primary coil is
If there is no flux leakage out of the iron core, the flux through each turn is the same for both coils, and then

37. The Transformer
A resistance R, load resistance, in the secondary circuit
A current I2 will be in the secondary coil, which is in phase with the potential drop V2 across the resistance. This current sets up and additional flux Φ´turn through each turn, which is proportional to N2I2. This flux opposes the original flux sets up by the original magnetizing current Im in the primary.
However, the potential drop in the primary is determined by the generator emf According to this, the total flux in the iron core must be the same as when there is no load in the secondary. The primary coil thus draws an additional current I1 to maintain the original flux Φturn. The flux through each turn produced by this additional current is proportional to N1I1. Since this flux equals – Φ´turn, the additional current I1 in the primary is related to the current I2 in the secondary by
These curents are 180 º out of phase and produce counteracting fluxes. Since I2 is in phase with V2, the additional current I1 is in phase with the potential drop across the primary. Then, if there are no losses