1. Comets, Centaurs, & TNOs AS3141 Benda Kecil dalam Tata Surya Prodi Astronomi 2006/2007 B. Dermawan AS3141 Benda Kecil dalam Tata Surya Prodi Astronomi 2006/2007 B. Dermawan

2. Benda Kecil Tata Surya Asteroids (MBAs, NEAs) Comets (periode pendek, panjang; ekliptik, isotropik) Meteoroids (  meteors, meteorites) (Edgeworth)-Kuiper Belt Objects or Trans- Neptunian Objects Centaurs (Jupiter-Neptune), Damocloids Hipotesis: vulcanoids, ‘awan’ Oort Asteroids (MBAs, NEAs) Comets (periode pendek, panjang; ekliptik, isotropik) Meteoroids (  meteors, meteorites) (Edgeworth)-Kuiper Belt Objects or Trans- Neptunian Objects Centaurs (Jupiter-Neptune), Damocloids Hipotesis: vulcanoids, ‘awan’ Oort

3. Comets, Centaurs, Damocloids, & TNOs

4. Comets (1)

5. Comets (2) Periode Pendek (SPC, < 200 th) - Halley Type Comets (HTC, 200-20 th) - Jupiter Family Comets (JFC, < 20 th) Periode Panjang (LPC, > 200 th) Periode Pendek (SPC, < 200 th) - Halley Type Comets (HTC, 200-20 th) - Jupiter Family Comets (JFC, < 20 th) Periode Panjang (LPC, > 200 th) Ekliptik: T > 2  JFC Isotropik: T < 2  LPC, HTC, Damocloids Ekliptik: T > 2  JFC Isotropik: T < 2  LPC, HTC, Damocloids Parameter Tisserand:

6. Comets (3) Active comet: detectable coma  volatile & dust Inactive comet: no detectable coma Dormant comet: lost the ability to generate a detectable coma in any part of its present orbit  might be reactivated Extinct comet: incapable of generating a coma (lost its ices, or its ices buried under a nonvolatile crust) Active comet: detectable coma  volatile & dust Inactive comet: no detectable coma Dormant comet: lost the ability to generate a detectable coma in any part of its present orbit  might be reactivated Extinct comet: incapable of generating a coma (lost its ices, or its ices buried under a nonvolatile crust)

7. Dormant & Extinct Comets Weissman et al. 2003

8. Comet-like Asteroids & Extinct Comets Weissman et al. 2003

9. Sun-grazing Comets

10. Insitu Explorations Giotto → Halley Deep Space 1 – Borrelly Stardust – Wild2 Deep Impact → Temple 1 Giotto → Halley Deep Space 1 – Borrelly Stardust – Wild2 Deep Impact → Temple 1

11. Isotopic Abundances Hutsemékers 2005

12. Centaurs: Asteroid-like objects with semimajor axes between those of Jupiter and Neptune Centaurs unusual Johnston 2005

13. Centaurs Albedo Colors Dotto & Barucci 2004

14. Damocloids (1) Jewitt (2004) Comet-like asteroids whose T  2 Inactive nuclei of HTC & LPC Have subsequently developed comae About 25% possess retrograde orbits Jewitt (2004) Comet-like asteroids whose T  2 Inactive nuclei of HTC & LPC Have subsequently developed comae About 25% possess retrograde orbits

15. Damocloids (2) The distribution of inclinations is indistinguishable from that of the HFC Lack ultrared matter The distribution of inclinations is indistinguishable from that of the HFC Lack ultrared matter : ~4000Å - ~8000Å Jewitt 2004

16. (Edgeworth)-Kuiper Belt Objects [(E)KBO] Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs)

17. TNOs: Non-cometary objects with semimajor axes beyond Neptune's orbit Plutinos: Near the 2:3 resonance with Neptune. Pluto is the largest object near this resonance. Resonance objects: Other than Plutinos but near resonances (4:5, 3:4, 3:5, 4:7, 1:2, 2:5) with Neptune. Cubewanos: Eccentricities below 0.15 with semimajor axes between 41.8 AU and 48 AU. Scattered disk objects (SDOs): Aphelion distances near Neptune's orbit and semimajor axes greater than 50 AU. Other TNOs not fitting in the above groups. Plutinos: Near the 2:3 resonance with Neptune. Pluto is the largest object near this resonance. Resonance objects: Other than Plutinos but near resonances (4:5, 3:4, 3:5, 4:7, 1:2, 2:5) with Neptune. Cubewanos: Eccentricities below 0.15 with semimajor axes between 41.8 AU and 48 AU. Scattered disk objects (SDOs): Aphelion distances near Neptune's orbit and semimajor axes greater than 50 AU. Other TNOs not fitting in the above groups.

18. TNOs: Orbital Dist. (1) Johnston 2005

19. TNOs: Orbital Dist. (2) Lykawka & Mukai 2005

20. TNOs: Orbital Dist. (3) Jewitt 2004

21. TNOs: Sizes (1) Thermal Flux: Density: Effective temp.: Standard Thermal Model (STM, Lebofsky et al. 1989) Near-Earth Asteroid Thermal Model (NEATM, Harris 1998) Thermo-Physical Model (TPM, Lagerros 1997) Bond Albedo & Geometric Albedo: Optical Constraints:

22. Size & Albedo of Unusual Minor Planet C/2002 CE 10 Sekiguchi et al. 2005

23. TNOs: Sizes (2) Johnston 2005

24. TNOs: Spectrum Dotto & Barucci 2004

25. TNOs: Binary (1) Richardson & Walsh 2005 NEAsMBAs Trojan Pluto- Charon TNOs

26. TNOs: Binary (2) Richardson & Walsh 2005 NEAsMBAs Trojan Pluto- Charon TNOs

27. Albedo & Spectral Gradient Jewitt 2004 Dotto & Barucci 2004

28. Albedo vs Diameter Lykawka & Mukai 2005

29. Colors (1) Jewitt 2004 Peixinho 2003

30. Colors (2) Doressoundiram & Peixinho 2005

31. Atmospheres? Lykawka & Mukai 2005

32. Stellar Encounter (1) Kenyon & Bromley 2004

33. Stellar Encounter (2) Kenyon & Bromley 2004

34. Stellar Encounter (3) Kenyon & Bromley 2004