1. COS: 1; 3- Analyzing relationships among people, places, and the environment by mapping information about them, including trade patterns, governmental alliances, and immigration patterns; Describe processes that shape the physical environment, including long-range effects of extreme weather phenomena and human activity; and comparing how ecosystems vary from place to place and over time.

2.  Mt. Etna -One of the world’s most active volcanoes -Two eruptions ; 2001 & 2003 -Labeled the most explosive in history  Italy -Mt. Etna is in Italy  Geography -Study of the earth in all its variety -Physical Geography is the study of the earth’s: 1)Land 2)Water 3)Plants 4)animals

3. A Geographer’s View of Place -Major issues: like eruptions that affect many people -Local Issues: Like the best place for a company to build  Physical Characteristics -Geographers study Place 1)They look Where something is in a place 2)They try to Understand what a place is like 3)They ask what features are similar or different in a place -Landforms : individual features of land 1)Mountains 2)Valleys 3)Water

4. -Landforms (Continued) 3)Water - Is a Place near ocean or river? - Plentiful or little freshwater? - Will the soil produce crops? - How much rain, hot, or cold weather ? - Does it have minerals, trees, & other resources  Human Characteristics -Geographers look at the social characteristics of people living in a place. 1)The number of people & How they live; close or far apart 2)Kind of government & Religion 3)Kind of work & language 4)Where they came from

5.  People & Places -Geographers are interested in how people interact with the environment 1)Environment: natural surroundings  Regions -Geographers study: 1)Cities, rivers, and other landforms 2)How places relate to one another 3)Region: is an area that shares common characteristics - can be small like a state, town, or city - can be huge like western U.S.A. - can include countries if they have similar: 1) environment 2) the way of life or Language

6. The Tools of Geography -Maps and Globes are the main tools of geographers  Collecting Data for Mapping Earth -Geographers gather info by 1)taking pictures of the earth from high above the earth 2)Landsat images by satellites; Antarctica photos show rivers of ice 500 miles (850 Km) long -Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 1)Is a group of satellites traveling around the earth 2)GPS receivers catch signals from satellites 3)GPS can tell exact latitude and longitude of a location

7.  Geographic Information Systems -Another tool of a geographer is a computer 1)GIS is special software that helps geographers gather different kinds of info about a location 2)In early 200s GIS was develop to conserve plants and animals in the Amazon rain forest because 50 million acres were destroyed each year by logging and mining. 3) GIS can compare data gathered from the ground & by pictures Uses of Geography -Geographic Info is used for planning -Government Leaders use it for: 1)planning new services in communities 2)how to handle disasters 3)New housing area 4)Population trends

8. Uses of Geography (continued) -Geographic Info is used for planning -Government Leaders use it for: 1)planning new services in communities 2)how to handle disasters 3)New housing area 4)Population trends -City Leaders use it for: 1)if an area can handle more traffic 2)If an area has the needed power, water, and sewage to build -Helps people manage natural resources: 1)Trees & water that can be renewed 2)Oil & Coal that are limited

9. Clues to Our Past -Historians, archaeologists, & anthropologists unravel the mysteries of early times. - Written Records 1)Historians depend on written records -diaries, newspapers, and legal documents 1)Prehistory means time before writing was developed - Artifacts & fossils 1)archaeologists & anthropologists study past societies through what people left behind 2)Artifacts : tools, pottery, paintings, weapons 3)Fossils: remains of humans