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Published bySerena Vowels Modified over 10 years ago
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Warm-Up What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
Give an example of each type of macromolecule.
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Ch. 5 Warm-Up Activity In your family groups, complete #1-5 on Activity 4/5.1: “How can you identify organic macromolecules?”
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Warm-Up What are the 4 levels of protein structure? What bonds are formed in each level? Which protein was involved in the curds & whey lab yesterday? Explain what happened to the milk to form the curds and whey.
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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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You Must Know The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds. How to recognize the 4 biologically important organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) by their structural formulas. The cellular functions of all four organic compounds. The 4 structural levels of proteins How proteins reach their final shape (conformation) and the denaturing impact that heat and pH can have on protein structure
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ie. amino acid peptide polypeptide protein
Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Small organic Used for building blocks of polymers Connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) Long molecules of monomers With many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds Giant molecules 2 or more polymers bonded together ie. amino acid peptide polypeptide protein larger smaller
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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
Hydrolysis Make polymers Breakdown polymers Monomers Polymers Polymers Monomers A + B AB AB A + B + H2O + + H2O +
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I. Proteins “Proteios” = first or primary 50% dry weight of cells
Contains: C, H, O, N, S Myoglobin protein
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Protein Functions (+ examples)
Enzymes (lactase) Defense (antibodies) Storage (milk protein = casein) Transport (hemoglobin) Hormones (insulin) Receptors Movement (motor proteins) Structure (keratin)
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Overview of protein functions
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Overview of protein functions
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Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Amino acid (AA) sequence 20 different AA’s peptide bonds link AA’s
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Amino Acid “amino” : -NH2 “acid” : -COOH R group = side chains
Properties: hydrophobic hydrophilic ionic (acids & bases) “amino” : -NH2 “acid” : -COOH
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Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
Secondary Gains 3-D shape (folds, coils) by H-bonding Alpha (α) helix, Beta (β) pleated sheet
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Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
Tertiary Bonding between side chains (R groups) of amino acids H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waals interactions
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Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
Quaternary 2+ polypeptides bond together
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amino acids polypeptides protein
Bonding (ionic & H) can create asymmetrical attractions
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Chaperonins assist in proper folding of proteins
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Protein structure and function are sensitive to chemical and physical conditions
Unfolds or denatures if pH and temperature are not optimal
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change in structure = change in function
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Illustrative Examples:
Variations within proteins provide a wider range of functions: Different types of hemoglobin MHC proteins
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Function: store hereditary info
II. Nucleic Acids Function: store hereditary info DNA RNA Double-stranded helix N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine Stores hereditary info Longer/larger Sugar: deoxyribose Single-stranded N-bases: A, G, C, Uracil Carry info from DNA to ribosomes tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi Sugar: ribose
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Nucleotides: monomer of DNA/RNA
Nucleotide = Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base
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Nucleotide phosphate A – T Nitrogen G – C base 5-C sugar Purines
Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA) Double ring Single ring 5-C sugar
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Information flow in a cell: DNA RNA protein
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Differ in position & orientation of glycosidic linkage
III. Carbohydrates Fuel and building material Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch) Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide Monosaccharides = monomers (eg. glucose, ribose) Polysaccharides: Storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen) Structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin) Differ in position & orientation of glycosidic linkage
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The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
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Linear and ring forms of glucose
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Carbohydrate synthesis
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Cellulose vs. Starch Two Forms of Glucose: glucose & glucose
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Cellulose vs. Starch Starch = glucose monomers
Cellulose = glucose monomers
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Storage polysaccharides of plants (starch) and animals (glycogen)
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Structural polysaccharides: cellulose & chitin (exoskeleton)
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II. Lipids Fats (triglyceride): store energy
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated Steroids: cholesterol and hormones Phospholipids: lipid bilayer of cell membrane hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail
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Have some C=C, result in kinks
Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated “saturated” with H Have some C=C, result in kinks In animals In plants Solid at room temp. Liquid at room temp. Eg. butter, lard Eg. corn oil, olive oil
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Cholesterol, a steroid
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The structure of a phospholipid
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Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions make a phospholipid bilayer
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Illustrative Example Different types of phospholipids
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