1. Immigration, Trade and Transportation: BNA at Mid-Century
What social and economic forces were changing North America in the middle of the 19th Century?
Of what effect was the end of mercantilism and the existence of reciprocal trade?
What is a political deadlock, how did it happen and how was it broken?

2. BNA at Mid-Century
Forces of Change…
Social
Economic
Technical
Context…
Political Deadlock

3. Forces of Change: Social
Immigration
Population million
Population million
Annexation
1849- high point in the movement
Annexationists- English-speaking, merchants
No support from Canadiens. Why?

4. Forces of Change: Social
To the People of Canada
The reversal of the ancient policy of Great Britain whereby she withdrew from the colonies…protection in her markets, has produced the most disastrous effects upon Canada. In surveying the actual condition of the country what but ruin or rapid decay meets the eye!...our country stands before the world in humiliating contrast with its immediate neighbours, exhibiting every symptom of a nation sinking to decay.
With super abundant water power and cheap labour, especially in Lower Canada, we have yet no domestic manufactures; …Our institutions, unhappily, have not that impress of permanence which alone can impart security and inspire confidence, and the Canadian market is too limited to inspire the foreign capitalist. While the adjoining States are covered with a network of thriving railways, Canada possesses but three lines, which together, scarcely exceed 50 miles in length… a fatal symptom of the torpor overspreading the land… of all remedies that have been suggested for the acknowledged and insufferable ills with which our country is afflicted, there remains but one to be considered…
…THIS REMEDY CONSISTS IN THE FRIENDLY AND PEACEFUL SEPARATION FROM BRITISH CONNECTION AND A UNION UPON EQUITABLE TERMS WITH THE GREAT NOTH AMERICAN CONFEDERACY OF SOVERIEGN STATES

5. Forces of Change: Economic
End of Mercantilism
“an economic system in which a nation depends on its colonies to supply raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.”
Case in point: Canadian Corn Act (1843)- pg 73
Caused a depression throughout BNA
Timber in the Maritimes
“Necessity is the mother of all invention”
NB, NS, Quebec turned to shipbuilding- 700/year in 1860s
Timber, grain, fish thanks to US Civil War ( ) and Crimean War ( )

6. Forces of Change: Economic
Reciprocity
“trade agreement based on mutual agreement”
Goods pass freely without barriers (quotas, tariffs, duties)
Access needed to make up for loss of British market
1840s- American government not in agreement, due to pressure from Vermont & Massachusetts.
1849- Halifax Conference
US Interests
Fishing rights to Maritime inshore fisheries
Increased level of prosperity
Basis for negotiating common interests
Canadian Interests
Newfoundland: fish
Nova Scotia: coal
New Brunswick: timber
Canada East/West: flour

7. Forces of Change: Technological
See railway maps page 78

8. Forces of Change: Technological
Power of railways
Increased cargo of goods and people
Steady speed (50kph)
Weather not a (major) hindrance
Connections enhanced to US markets
Telegraph lines
News
Ideas
Change to where people lived
Some small rural communities declining due to manufacturers taking over small suppliers
Some mills closed as production done in cities
New communities created along the expanding lines (especially into Western Canada)

9. Forces of Change: Technological
Building of the Grand Truck Railway
Welcome by those in industry and commerce. Why?
Expensive and ambitious- bailed out by the United Canadas.
Why does government participate in infrastructure projects?
Why does government “bail out” private projects?
Modern Connection: P3s

10. Context: Political Deadlock

11. Responsible Government: Canadas (IV)
Election 1844
Tories win a majority.
Metcalfe (GG) appoints Tories to Executive Council
Election 1848
Refomers win large majority.
Metcalfe has resigned, GG is now Elgin (Durham’s son in law), Secretary is now Grey (Durham’s brother in law).
Elgin calls upon Baldwin and LaFontaine to form Executive Council. They select from their Assembly.
Test #1
1849 Rebellion Losses Bill
Elgin did not favour passage; signs it.
Test #2
1859 tariffs (20%) on imported goods to raise money for public works.
British merchants upset, British government threatens to dissallow, but eventually backs down.

12. Context: Political Deadlock
Overarching problem: Lack of stable government. Why is a stable government desirable?
Equal distribution of seats between Canada West and Canada East. Recall: why was this done, and for whose benefit?
Canada East able to be dominating force. Case in point: 1851 Roman Catholic schools support
Challenge of the needed double majority.
2. Large number of political parties and independent members.
Conservative Party, Bleus, Reformers, Liberal Party, Clear Grits, Parti Rouge.
Representation by population.
Census 1851: Canada West (952, 000) Canada East (890, 000). How has this changed? Who would rep by pop benefit?
Loose fish.
Non-confidence.

13. Context: Political Deadlock
Overarching problem: Lack of stable government.
5 successive coalition governments in 2 years.
Administrative standstill.
Economic, social and political ineffectiveness.

14. Context: Political Deadlock
Overarching problem: Lack of stable government.
Solution? The Great Coalition.
Clear Grits
Canada West
George Brown
Parti Rouge
Canada East
Antoine-Aime Dorion
Reformers
Liberals
Canada West
Francis Hinks
Conservative Party
Canada West
(John A Macdonald, Alan McNab)
Bleus
Canada East
Geroge-Etienne Cartier
Moderate
Expansion of industry and commerce

15. Context: Political Deadlock
Overarching problem: Lack of stable government.
Solution? The Great Coalition.
Galt
Clear Grits
Canada West
George Brown
Parti Rouge
Canada East
Antoine-Aime Dorion
Reformers
Liberals
Canada West
Francis Hinks
Conservative Party
Canada West
(John A Macdonald, Alan McNab)
Bleus
Canada East
Geroge-Etienne Cartier
Moderate
Expansion of industry and commerce
See pg 84

16. Les Devoirs Read chapter 4 (pages 72-86)
Complete questions 1, 2, 8 and 9 on page 86
Complete your assigned question and post to wikispace before next class.
Page and Question
Students
Pg 75 #1
Philip, Andrew C
Pg 79 #1
Raul, Vincent
Pg 75 #2
Thomas, Jerry
Pg 79 #2
Marcus
Pg 75 #3
Max, Nicholas
Pg 82 # 3
Josh
Pg 76 #1
Edmond, Adam
Pg 82 #4
Andrew W, Jacky
Pg 77 #1
Benny, Jeffrey
Pg 85 #1
Ruoni, Rocky
Pg 77 #2
Conor, Patrick
Pg 85 #2
Pg 85 #3
Ray
Brendan