1. The Road to Confederation

2. When Does Canada Become Canada?
Short answer: July 1st, 1867
What happened?
Four British North American colonies get together:
Canada East (Quebec)
Canada West (Ontario)
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick

3. What conditions led to the Canadian Federation?
After the Act of Union (1840), United Canada had several problems.
Economic
Military
Political

4. Free Trade with Great Britain
Great Britain used to protect its colonies by offering to buy their products at a good price and forcing all other countries to pay high tariffs.
In 1846, Great Britain decides to no longer protect its colonies.
Result: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Reciprocity Treaty
We have a free trade agreement with the United States for approximately 12 years ( ).
We have access to the vast American market.
So, losing this privilege in 1866 means we no longer have Great Britain or the United States to depend on as buyers of our goods.

6. Proportional Representation
“Rep by Pop” means the number of representatives elected to the Legislative Assembly is proportional to the population.
In 1840:
Canada East 600,000 people
Canada West 400,000 people
And both have 42 representatives.
In 1851:
Canada East 890,000 people
Canada West 950,000 people
And both still have 42 representatives.

7. Proportional Representation
Why do you think most people in Canada East opposed proportional representation?
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8. Majority / Minority Governments
If the Liberals have 50 seats,
And the Conservatives have 75 seats;
And the NDP has 40 seats,
Which party creates the government?
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If a majority is at least 50% of the seats, do the Conservatives in this example have a majority or minority government?
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9. Minority Governments Minority governments have little power.
If the Conservatives have 75 seats,
And the Libs and NDP together have 90 seats,
Every time they vote on something, the two other parties can gang up on the party in power.

10. Ministerial Instability
Between 1854 and 1864, there are 10 minority governments in a row.
If no government ever has enough power to pass laws, then very little gets done in the running of the country.

11. Military Reasons
Between , the United States has its Civil War.
The North wins (thank goodness!).
So the United States has many unemployed soldiers with no war to fight.
People in the British North American colonies are worried about a U.S. invasion.

12. Manifest Destiny
Americans at this time think it is their duty to expand their territory throughout North America.
In the 1860s, Western Canada has very few people living there.
One idea is to settle the West so that it will not be lost.

13. Caricature
A caricature is an exaggerated drawing, often for comedic effect.
Like those artists in Old Montreal who will sketch you with big ears and funny teeth, etc.

14. Political Cartoons
Political cartoons often use caricature and personification.
Personification is when a place or a thing is represented by a person.
In this case, Cousin Jonathan is the United States. Miss Britannia is Great Britain. And of course Miss Canada is Canada.

15. Political Cartoon A pertinent question:
Miss Canada tells Miss Britannia that she will never be united with her Cousin Jonathan.

16. The Annexation Machine
The way Brother Jonathan will astonish the natives.
Annexation comes in by the rail, while liberty flies off in the smoke.
According to this caricature, what will Canadians lose with annexation with the U.S.?
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17. Cartoon Young Canada says: “We don’t want you here.”
John Bull: “That’s right, my son, no matter what comes, an empty house is better than such a tenant as that.”

18. Cartoon What does John Bull mean by that?
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Who does John Bull represent?
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19. Cartoon FROM HALIFAX TO VANCOUVER
Miss Canada: “This is what we want, Cousin Jonathan. It will give us real independence and stop the foolish talk about annexation.”
Jonathan: “Wal, Miss, I guess you’re about right thar, but I’ll believe it when I see it.”

20. Cartoon
What will eliminate “foolish talk of annexation” for Miss Canada?
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Why is Jonathan not impressed?
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