1. Discussion Questions Chapter 16

2. Part I

3. Question 1 n Before Hutton, it was widely assumed that the features of the Earth's surface were: n A. always there n B. formed by a single, catastrophic event n C. underwent gradual change over time n D. A and B

4. Question 2 n Hutton observed that rocks, rock structures and features of the earth are all related. This relationship is called: n A. history n B. principle of uniformity n C. principles of geology n D. philosophy

5. Question 3 n The principle of uniformity has a basic frame of reference. This frame of reference is n A. plate tectonics. n B. continental drift. n C. changes and deformations of rocks today and in the past. n D. compressive strain.

6. Question 4 n You observe a hill that has been cut-through by a road. The rock layers display a curving shape. What has likely happened to the rock mass? n A. normal faulting n B. reverse faulting n C. folding n D. vulcanism

7. Question 5 n How a rock responds to stress and strain does NOT depend on n A. nature of the rock. n B. temperature of the rock. n C. pressure on the rock. n D. mass of the rock.

8. Question 6 n In an anticline, the youngest rocks are found: n A. at the top of the fold n B. in the middle of the fold n C. along the stress fracture n D. at the bottom of the fold

9. Question 7 n Rocks near or on the surface are NOT n A. cooler than those below the surface. n B. hotter that those below the surface. n C. are less brittle. n D. are under more pressure.

10. Question 8 n The San Andreas fault is a good example of a n A. normal fault. n B. reverse fault. n C. thrust fault. n D. none of these.

11. Question 9 n Which is NOT a type of fault? n A. normal n B. reverse n C. thrust n D. forward

12. Question 10 n The epicenter is located by n A. measuring how long the earthquake lasts. n B. measuring the time difference between P and S waves. n C. using time data from several seismographs to triangulate the location. n D. B and C.

13. Question 11 n During an earthquake, you should NOT n A. run outdoors if you are indoors. n B. stop your car. n C. move away from power lines. n D. move away from windows.

14. Question 12 n An earthquake is n A. the result of the sudden release of energy that comes from stress on rock. n B. ground displacement and motion. n C. the cause of tsunamis. n D. all of the above.

15. Question 13 n The Black Hills in South Dakota and the Adirondack Mountains in New York are n A. arched mountains. n B. domed mountains. n C. volcanic mountains. n D. compressed mountains.

16. Question 14 n The Appalachian Mountains were formed when n A. North American split from South America. n B. North America collided with Europe and Africa. n C. North America collided with South America. n D. North America split from Europe and Africa.

17. Question 15 n Mountains that were formed as a result of volcanic eruptions are n A. Alps. n B. Cascades. n C. Rockies. n D. Appalachians.

18. Question 16 n The source of magma for Mount St. Helens volcano is n A. Cascade Mountains. n B. subduction of the continental lithosphere under the Juan de Fuca plate. n C. subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate under the continental lithosphere. n D. continental lithosphere to Juan de Fuca plate divergence.

19. Question 17 n In which region of the USA, would one expect to find prominent folded mountains? n A. Pacific Northwestern, as in Oregon n B. Eastern, as in Pennsylvania n C. Midwestern, as in Iowa n D. Southern, as in Alabama

20. Question 18 n Crushing of rock at a quarry to make smaller sized gravel is an example of n A. physical weathering. n B. chemical weathering. n C. mechanical weathering. n D. reduction weathering.

21. Question 19 n Fragments of rocks fall into a mountain stream and are carried into the valley. This is an example of n A. weathering. n B. erosion. n C. mass movement. n D. B and C

22. Question 20 n Tree roots grow and expand, and eventually break though a sidewalk. This is an example of: n A. corrosion. n B. erosion. n C. wedging. n D. disintegration.

23. Part II

24. Question 1 n The premise that the present is key to understanding the past is called: n A. history n B. principle of uniformity n C. principles of geology n D. philosophy

25. Question 2 n The process of deformation that changes the earth's surface is called n A. continental drift. n B. plate tectonics. n C. diastrophism. n D. volcanism.

26. Question 3 n Diastrophism, the process of deformation that changes the earth's surface is responsible for n A. plateaus. n B. mountains. n C. both A and B. n D. none of the above.

27. Question 4 n A force that compresses, pulls apart or deforms a rock is called n A. stress. n B. strain. n C. pressure. n D. tension.

28. Question 5 n The force that does NOT cause rock stress is: n A. compressive n B. tensional n C. shear n D. transform

29. Question 6 n Rock stress caused by two plates moving together is n A. compressive stress. n B. tensional stress. n C. shear stress. n D. transform stress.

30. Question 7 n Adjustment to stress is defined as n A. release. n B. strain. n C. pressure. n D. relief.

31. Question 8 n Rocks at great depths are under n A. lower temperature and higher pressure. n B. higher temperature and higher pressure. n C. higher temperature and lower pressure. n D. lower temperature and lower pressure.

32. Question 9 n A bend in layered bedrock which resulted from stress is called n A. fracture. n B. fold. n C. fault. n D. twist.

33. Question 10 n Folds that resemble an arch are called n A. inverted basins. n B. clines. n C. anticlines. n D. synclines.

34. Question 11 n A fold that forms a trough is called n A. syncline. n B. basin. n C. inverted arch. n D. semicline.

35. Question 12 n Movement between rocks on one side of a fracture relative to the rocks on the other side of the fracture is called a n A. fracture. n B. transformation. n C. fault. n D. displacement.

36. Question 13 n The actual place where seismic waves originate is called the _________ of the earthquake. n A. epicenter n B. focus n C. root n D. source

37. Question 14 n The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the n A. fault line. n B. epicenter. n C. source. n D. quake starting point.

38. Question 15 n An earthquake that occurs in the upper part of the mantle is called n A. shallow focus. n B. deep focus. n C. lithosphere focus. n D. intermediate focus.

39. Question 16 n The size of an earthquake is measured by n A. how many buildings are damaged. n B. amount of energy released at the focus. n C. the height of the tsunami it generated. n D. time of the earthquake.

40. Question 17 n The energy of the vibrations or the magnitude of an earthquake is reported using the n A. seismograph scale. n B. Richter scale. n C. magnitude scale. n D. Mercalli Scale.

41. Question 18 n Earthquakes are detected and measured by a n A. seismometer. n B. Geiger counter. n C. Doppler radar. n D. oil well monitors.

42. Question 19 n Elevated parts of the Earth's crust that rise above the surrounding surface are called: n A. ridges n B. hills n C. plateaus n D. mountains

43. Question 20 n Which of the following is NOT a classification of mountain origin? n A. folding n B. faulting n C. parallel n D. volcanic

44. 1. D2. B3. C4. C 5. D6. A7. B8. D 9. D10. D11. A12. D 13. B14. B15. B16. C 17. B18. C19. C20. C Answers for Part I

45. 1. B2. C3. C4. A 5. D6. A7. B8. B 9. B10. C11. A12. C 13. B14. B15. D16. B 17. B18. A19. D20. C Answers for Part II