1. The Art of Interacting with others
Communication
The Art of Interacting with others

2. Why Study Communication?
Knowing
What happens when people communicate with themselves and others
Understanding
How that knowledge can be used to explain and interpret the process of Communication in everyday life
Developing Skills
Using this knowledge and understanding to communicate more effectively

3. What a Relief!!
The art of Communication is not all natural. We can learn to communicate effectively
All Communication involves the creation and exchange of meanings via signs and symbols
Communication Studies involves the business of making and understanding these signs and symbols.
People seem to have a real need to read meaning into all human action.

4. What is Communication?
The transfer of Information, Understanding and Emotion from one person to another
The interdependent process of Sending, Receiving and Understanding and responding to messages

5. Communication Is an on-going, dynamic process
Actively involves the Sender and the Receiver simultaneously
May be
Verbal: Oral/written word
Non-verbal: Gestures, drama, materials

6. Effective Communication
Takes a significant amount of work and energy
Stems from our understanding of ourselves and others
Involves
Our ability to listen
Our verbal communication skills
Our non-verbal communication skills
Our understanding of our relationship with others
Our ability to analyse an audience, or to understand context
Our knowledge of the way to research, prepare and deliver a public speech.

7. The Communication Process: Elements
Sender
Person with whom the message to be communicated originates
Encodes or gives expression to the message
Message
Thought, idea or information the Sender wishes to pass on to another
The Message has meaning. It is this that has to be sent
Medium
The medium is the method that the Sender chooses for encoding the message. This may be written or oral. These are both verbal. The Sender may also encode his message through signals, drama and other non-verbal means.
The Medium is often confused with the Channel. One way to distinguish them is that the Medium must be determined before the Channel is chosen, and often, Medium determines Channel – e.g. Medium: ; Channel: Internet
Channel
The Message is sent via a Channel which is the means of transporting the message from the Sender to the Receiver, e.g. post office, internet, airwaves, airmail etc.

8. The Communication Process: Elements
Receiver
Person receiving or Decoding the message
Noise
Anything that distorts a message by interfering with the communication process
Radio playing in the background
Another person trying to enter the conversation
Examination nerves
Static on the telephone line
A slow computer
Feedback
The Receiver transmits verbal and non-verbal feedback to indicate his/her reception and understanding of the message

9. Describing the Process: A Model of Communication

10. Barriers and Facilitators
You have asked your younger brother to send a message to your friends Isaiah, in Form 3, Ellice in Form 4 and Sean from the security team to attend a meeting at your home this evening. Your brother puts a notice on the bulletin board in the Form 4 classroom, in French. Only Ellice turns up for the meeting.

11. Barriers and Facilitators
Give two probable reasons for the others not attending
At which points did the communication break down?
Suggest two things to ensure that everyone attended the meeting

12. Barriers and Facilitators
There was a language barrier, notice was poorly located; the method of notification was faulty (his ???)
When your brother selected the means of transferring the message ( his ???)
He could have written in a language that all three would have understood; he could have telephoned all three; he could have spoken to each one directly.
What about ?

13. Barriers and Facilitators
A Barrier is ……
A Facilitator is …..

14. Barriers and Facilitators
Some facilitators are
Selecting a language which is familiar to the receiver ?

15. Barriers and Facilitators
Some Barriers to Communication are
Sender and Receiver speak different languages ?

16. Forms of Communication
Cathy would like to describe her graduation ceremony to her aunt who lives in Australia. Think of two ways in which she could do this
After the graduation, Cathy wants to describe to her brother how some of the girls walked up to collect their certificate. What do you think she would do?

17. Forms of Communication
Verbal
Requires words
May be speech or writing
Conversation
Face-to-face
Telephone
Letter
Text message
Fax
Messenger/chat

18. Forms of Communication
Non-Verbal
Relies on elements other than speech or writing
Is just as important as non-verbal communication
Body language (gestures, posture, facial expression)
Use of space
Use of objects
Dress
Graphics (charts, tables, diagrams)
Integrating forms for specific purposes (role play, simulation)

19. FORM and CONTEXT
The specific FORM of communication is, or should be, intimately related to the CONTEXT in which it is used
One element of our COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE is our ability to get our message across accurately

20. Contexts of Communication
In order to evaluate the appropriateness or effectiveness of a communication act, we must first understand its context.
Communication does not occur in a vacuum. It occurs within a CONTEXT
The circumstances of a communicative act are referred to as the CONTEXT of communication

21. Contexts of Communication
You have to give a speech in each of the following situations. Consider the adjustments that you would have to make to your presentation
To a panel of interviewers where you are applying for a job
To a group of standard two students in their assembly hall
To an oral examiner in a small examination room
To a group of persons opposing your ideas
On national television
On radio

22. Contexts of Communication
Who is present, or who is being addressed. What do you need to consider here?
The general attitude of your audience. Why is this important?
Where the communication takes place. What are the factors that should influence your communicative decisions?

23. Contexts of Communication
Context may be
FORMAL
Certain societal norms are evident and there are perceived patterns of behaviour
NON-FORMAL/INFORMAL
Individuals or groups are not constrained by specified ways in which communication would normally take place

24. Contexts of Communication
Intrapersonal- Thinking, solving problems, imagining/imaging
Interpersonal – interviews, conversations, intimate communication
Small group – leadership meeting, brain-storming, prayer meeting

25. Contexts of Communication
Organizational – business, government, official purposes, educational
Academic – essay, research paper, doctoral thesis
Public – speeches, debates
Intercultural – communicating across social sub-group, in tourism

26. Contexts of Communication
Match the scenarios with the most appropriate form of verbal communication
Form of Communication
A. A written notice/poster
B. A skit
C. A written note
D. A television/radio address
E. A telephone call
F. A short talk