1. WESTWARD EXPANSION
TECH INN
REFORMS
CIVIL WAR

2. MANIFEST DESTINY
Belief that it is the right of the U.S. govt to expand to her natural boundaries
Political roots-spread democracy-keep U.S. safe from other countries
Economic roots-resources-trade
Social roots-place to put undesirables
Significance-westward expansion & expansion of U.S. boundaries

3. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
Gold discovered in 1848 by John Marshall
1849 thousands came to California-49er’s
Significance-California statehood

4. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Slater brought factories to America
Appeared first in New England because of water power and poor soil
Cotton from south
Significance-economic livelihood of north

5. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AFFECT OUR LIVES
Work, transportation, daily life easier because work more efficient
Interchangeable parts-Eli Whitney-mass production used unskilled labor so goods are less expensive
Urbanization-cities grow as people leave farms to go work in factories
Significance-growth of cities/cheaper goods because easier & cheaper to produce

6. 2ND GREAT AWAKENING
Inspired reform movements and abolition of slavery
Significance-reform movements that changed society

7. EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
Led by Horace Mann
Wanted free public education supported by taxes, mandatory attendance
Believed that there would be less poverty if more people were educated
Significance-nationwide public education

8. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
Wanted to ban sale & consumption of alcohol
Because alcohol caused crime, insanity, poverty & the breakup of families
Led to 18th Amendment
Significance-Prohibition

9. PRISON AND MENTALLY ILL REFORMS
Led by Dorothea Dix
Wanted to improve conditions
Significance-better life

10. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Proposed by Henry David Thoreau
Means don’t obey unjust laws, but accept the consequences
Example-Boston Tea Party
Significance-influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

11. WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
Wanted equal rights for men and women
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention
Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton based on the Declaration of Independence
Significance-Amendment 19-women’s suffrage

12. IMPORTANCE OF FINE ARTS
Hudson River School started by Thomas Cole-painted the majesty of nature
John James Audubon painted & studies birds
Fine arts are art, music, literature
Significance-explains our society/expresses our feelings

13. CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR
States’ rights-right of state to secede from Union, slavery was states’ rights issue
Sectionalism-one section more important than whole
N-industry-Factory System S-agriculture-cotton-Plantation W-expansion of slavery
Slavery-mostly disappeared in North, South’s economy needs as source of labor
Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, more cotton, land and slaves
Abolition-immediate end to slavery
Significance-leads to end of slavery/national govt most important

14. MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820
Dealt with slavery in the Louisiana Territory
Kept balance of free & slave states even in Congress
Maine-free Missouri-slave
Proposed by Henry Clay
Significance-used compromise to settle issue/put off civil war

15. COMPROMISE OF 1850
Dealt with slavery in the Mexican Cession
Proposed by Henry Clay
California-free state
Strict Fugitive Slave Act so slaves had to get to Canada to be free
Significance-used compromise to settle issue/ put off civil war

16. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas
Wanted to build Transcontinental Railroad
Popular sovereignty-people of area decide-power of people
Led to Bleeding Kansas
Significance-use compromise to settle issue/put off civil war

17. DRED SCOTT DECISION
Decision handed down by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Slaves were property not citizens
Congress could not interfere with ownership of property
Significance-Supreme Court said the Constitution protected slavery

18.
Civil War
US/North/Union/Yankees vs Confederate States of America/South/Confederacy/Rebels
President-N-Abraham Lincoln S-Jefferson Davis
Commander-N-US Grant S-Robert E. Lee
Significance-settled issue that national govt stronger than states & that states cannot secede

19. MAJOR BATTLES OF CIVIL WAR
Fort Sumter, South Carolina-1st battle
Antietam, Maryland-bloodiest one day battle, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in rebelling states
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania-turning pt of was-Lee would not invade
Vicksburg, Mississippi-Union victory complete blockade
Appomatox Court House, Virginia-Lee surrendered to Grant
Significance-national govt stronger that states/states cannot secede

20. LINCOLN’S INAUGURAL ADDRESSES
1st wanted to preserve Union and would fight
2nd war was now about emancipation of slaves and described how to put Union back together
Significance-stated aim of North/Lincoln’s leadership to keep Union together & leniency in rebuilding South

21. ANACONDA PLAN
Union strategy during Civil War
Developed by Winfield Scott
1-surround and blockade South
2-cut Confederacy in half
3-capture Richmond, Virginia-Confederate capital
Border states-slave states that did not secede, Lincoln did whatever necessary to retain their loyalty
Significance-Northern strategy that would win the war

22. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
Proposed by Lincoln
Freed slaves in rebelling states
Kept border states our of war
Changed war to fight to save Union AND abolish slavery
Significance-civil war now about both preserving Union and abolishing slavery

23. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Written by Lincoln
Based on ideals in Declaration of Independence- “of, by and for the people
War is about preserving the Union, democracy
Significance-civil war about preserving democracy in Union

24. CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS
John C. Calhoun-supported states’ rights, Nullification Crisis in response to the Tariff of Abominations
Daniel Webster-Senator who believed Union made of people, not states, did not support states’ rights
Significance-led major disagreements between North and South

25. IRISH IMMIGRANTS
Labor source for northern factories
Came to America because of potato famine
Significance-labor source for factories

26. LEADING ABOLITIONISTS
Harriett Tubman-escaped slavery-organized & lead Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass-escaped slavery-published “North Star”
Significance-helped slaves escape slavery/national attention to issue

27. POLITICAL LEADERS DURING CIVIL WAR
Abraham Lincoln-president of Union during Civil War, wrote Gettysburg Address & Emancipation Proclamation-war was about preserving the Union and abolishing slavery, he was North’s greatest asset
Jefferson Davis-president of Confederacy
Significance-Lincoln’s leadership kept Union together

28. MILITARY LEADERS DURING THE CIVIL WAR
US Grant-commander of Northern army, accepted surrender of South, President during Reconstruction
RE Lee-commander of Southern army, surrendered to Lee
Stonewall Jackson-Confederate general who held his ground at Bull Run
Significance-led armies during Civil War

29. JOHN WILKES BOOTH
War ended on April 5, 1865
Lincoln and wife attended play at Ford’s Theater
Booth, southern sympathizer assassinated Lincoln because Lincoln was tyrant
Significance-helped change course of Reconstruction-punishment

30. RECONSTRUCTION PLANS
Reconstruction-rebuild
10% Plan developed by Lincoln, supported by Andrew Johnson-10% of voters in state had to swear allegiance to U.S., state reenters Union, no punishment involved
Reconstruction Act of 1867-reconstruction controlled by Radical Republicans in Congress, military rule in southern states-rebuild and punish
Significance-southern states forced to ratify 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

31. BLACK CODES
Used to prevent slave rebellion
Restricted their movement and made it illegal to teach slaves to read and write
Freedmen’s Bureau organized after Civil War to help Freedmen and whites in South-education, medical care, land
Jim Crow Laws-used to enforce segregation
Significance-helped freedmen adapt to society unprepared for them

32. CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR RECEIPENTS
William Carney-1st African American to be awarded the medal
Philip Bazaar-1st Hispanic to be awarded the medal
Significance-minority groups rights recognized

33. HIRAM RHODES REVELS
1st African American elected to Congress after Civil War
Significance-African Americans rights after Civil War

34. HOMESTEAD ACT
Encouraged economic growth and expansion of the west
Occupy 160 acres and make improvements-build house and plant crops-for 5 yrs you own land
Attracted 1.4 million homesteaders
Significance-growth of U.S./land ownership-no money

35. MORRILL ACT
State got 30,000 acres times the number of Congressmen
Proceeds used for agriculture and mechanical universities-A&M school
Significance-encouraged higher education

36. DAWES ACT
Break up Indian tribes and assimilate them into white society
160 acres to Indian family, remainder of land to whites
Tribal ownership of land disappeared
Significance-opened west to settlement/deprived Native Americans of land