1. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

2. INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO
Installed capacity MW *(as on )
Thermal MW
Hydro MW
Nuclear MW
Renewable MW
*Source – Central Electricity Authority of India
The 15th annual power survey of Central Electricity Authority (CEA) projects a power demand of 2,40,000 MW by the end of 11th five-year plan ( ).

3. INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO – INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW

6. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Conventional
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Unconventional (examples)
Oil Shale
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
Non-renewable energy sources include fossil fuels and nuclear sources that are essentially finite in the earth’s crust. These represent the energy resource endowment for current and future generations.
These resources can be classified further as conventional and unconventional. Unconventional resources are not currently exploited at significant levels generally because they can not be economically extracted and/or refined.
Oil shale is source rock that has not yet released its oil. In the 1970’s it was thought to be the answer to US energy self-sufficiency. Oil shale is pulverized and heated to C (pyrolyzed, but the oil requires further upgrading before a refinery can use it as a feedstock.
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment are a mixture of methane and H2O frozen into solid crystalline state at water depths of approximately 500m. It is derived from the decay of organic matter trapped in the sediment. It has been estimated that this resource is as large as 2x all known fossil fuels.

7. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Solar photovoltaic
Solar thermal power
Passive solar air and water heating
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Ocean energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy

8. Primary sources of energy
Three independent primary sources providing energy to the earth are :
The Sun
Geothermal forces
Planetary motion in the solar system

10. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVES
Fossil fuel reserves (Coal, Oil & Natural Gas), the dominant source of energy, are limited
India - 17% of World population, 4% of primary energy
Present pattern – predominantly fossil based
India imports 110 million tonnes crude annually
90% (112 million tonnes) of the total available oil is consumed by transportation sector in India
52% of households unelectrified
Linkage between energy services

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF RENEWABLES
Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW
Clean Source of Energy
Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2
Large Collection Areas, high costs
Availability varies with time
Need for Storage, Additional Cost

12. BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Environment
Reducing emissions of CO2 and other pollutants (acid rain, etc.)
Local and regional development
Economic and social cohesion
Local job creation
Security of supply
Reducing Imports

13. POWER GENERATION OPTIONS
Centralised Grid Connected
Decentralised Distributed Generation Isolated
Cogeneration/Trigeneration
Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater, Passive Solar)

14. Potential and Installation of Renewable Energy Systems (As on 31. 03
Renewable Energy Sources
Approx.
potential
(MW)
Potential
Harnessed 1
Wind Power
45195
10242 2
Small Hydro Up to (25 MW)
15000
2430 3
Cogeneration (Bagasse)
5000
1049 4
Gasifiers
16000
243 5
Waste to energy (Urban & industrial)
2700 59 6
S.P.V.
50 MW/sq km
2.12 MW 7
Solar Thermal
140 m.sq. m.
2.5 m. sq.m.
TOTAL
83895 MW
14023 MW

15. WIND ENERGY

16. WIND POWER GENERATION - STATUS
India ranks fifth in the world after Germany, the USA, Denmark and the UK.
The wind energy potential in India has been estimated at 45,000 MW, of which MW installed
States with high wind power potential are TN, Gujarat, AP, Karnataka, Kerala, MP and Maharashtra
Single machine upto 4.5 MW
Average capacity factor - 14%
Capital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh
(cost effective if site CF>20%)

17. WIND ENERGY - PRINCIPLES
Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy.
At 100 feet (30 meters) or more aboveground, they can take advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind.
Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades.
Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.

18. RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPLEMENTATION –MAJOR STATES
INDIA MAP
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Rajasthan
Arunachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Active Wind Sector
Andhra Pradesh
Active Wind & Hydro Sector
Karnataka
Huge Small Hydro Potential
Tamil Nadu
RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPLEMENTATION –MAJOR STATES

19. Wind Resources Map of India

20. WIND FARM

23. COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.
Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies.
Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the high winds.

24. COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm
Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 50-cycle AC electricity.
High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.

25. COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity.

26. COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind.
Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind.
Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.

27. ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY
Clean fuel source
Inexhaustible
One of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies
Benefiting the economy in rural areas

28. DISADVANTAGES Higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
Wind is intermittent; Wind energy cannot be stored
Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity is needed.
May compete with other uses for the land

29. SMALL HYDRO POWER

30. WHAT IS SMALL HYDROPOWER (SHP)
Water is fed from stream/canal to the turbine by a closed pipe (penstock) through diversion works. The turbine in turn rotates the generator for electricity generation.
Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cum/s) x Head (m) x Efficiency

31. ADVANTAGES OF SMALL HYDRO
Non-consumptive use of water
Does not require large capital investment
Short gestation period ranging from 6 to 24 months.
Low operation costs
Unmanned power stations are possible
Can be connected with electricity grid
Can act as a catalyst in promoting socio-economic changes in remote areas.
More environment friendly than conventional hydro
Small hydro is significant for off-grid, rural, in far flung isolated communities having no chances of grid extension for years to come.

32. CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN INDIA
Station Capacity
Micro
Upto 100 kW
Mini
101 kW to 2000 kW
Small
2001 kW to kW

33. TYPE OF SCHEMES RUN OF RIVER No storage.
The output is subject to instantaneous flow.
Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be ensured.
CANAL BASED
Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals.
May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal.
Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.
In canals under planning concentrated drops should be considered.
DAM BASED
Dam toe schemes are most common in India.
Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.

34. Cost Aspects of SHP Scheme
Parameters affecting cost are
Physical sizes of Civil Works and E&M Equipments
Construction Aspects
Operating costs
Unit cost of hydro schemes is inversely proportional to the head
Per kW cost may be ranging from Rs 40,000/- to Rs.90,000/-depending upon the layout and capacity of the scheme.
Costs may very + 20% depending upon the location of the project and the topographical terrain.

35. Small hydro vis-à-vis other renewables
It is the highest-density renewable energy source against widely spread and thinly distributed solar energy, biomass, wind resource, etc.
Its cost of generation is cheapest amongst renewables. (Re 1.00 to 1.50 /kWhr)
Small hydro efficiencies are highest amongst renewables (85 to 90%)

36. Identified Sites up to 25 MW
MNES’ Database of Small Hydro Potential Sites Identified in India up to 25 MW Capacity
Sl. No.
Name of State
Identified Sites up to 25 MW
Total Capacity
(in MW) 1
Himachal Pradesh
323
1,624.78 2
Jammu & Kashmir
201
1,207.27 3
Uttar Pradesh
211
267.06 4
Uttaranchal
354
1,478.23 5
Gujarat
290
156.83 6
Maharashtra
234
599.47 7
Andhra Pradesh
286
254.63 8
Karnataka
230
652.61 9
Kerala
198
466.85 10
Tamil Nadu
147
338.92 11
Orissa
161
156.76 12
Sikkim
145
182.62 13
Arunachal Pradesh
492
1,059.03
Total
3,272
8,445.06
Average PLF’s vary from 30% to 60% depending on location.

37. INCREASE OF HYDRO SHARE
In India there is huge potential for hydropower projects, and very less has been harnessed so far.
Coal requirement for power generation may not last for more than 150 years. In addition, higher transportation cost is incurred on transportation of coal over longer distances.
Power generation from hydro sources is almost free of running cost and is completely pollution free.

38. SOLAR ENERGY

39. Why Solar Energy ?
Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy.
It is free.
It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting.
Earth surface receives 1.2x1017 W of power from sun. India receives solar energy equivalent to 5000 trillion kWhr per year

40. SOLAR ENERGY - CLASSIFICATION
Solar Energy can be classified as two types
1. Passive solar and
2. Active solar

41. Passive Solar Energy
Passive solar energy is making direct and indirect use of thermal energies from the sun
A southern exposure of a building guarantees the maximum exposure of the sun’s rays
Special metal leaf covering over windows and roofs can block out the sun during the summer months

42. Active Solar Energy
Active Solar Energy is the use of the sun’s Electromagnetic radiation in generating Electrical Energy
It can be further divided into two forms –
Solar Thermal (Heating Application)
Solar Photovoltaic (Electricity Generation).

43. Solar Thermal
Employed for collecting & converting the sun energy to heat energy for application such as water & air heating, cooking & drying, steam generation, distillation, etc.
Basically a solar thermal device consists of a solar energy collector - “the absorber”, a heating or heat transferring medium and a heat storage or heat tank.
Solar thermal technology employs an elaborate use of a black body, good heat conducting materials, insulation and reflectors.
Solar geyser, solar concentrators, solar cookers, solar still are some example of devices based on solar thermal technology.

44. Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)
Solar Photovoltaic Technology is employed for directly converting solar energy to electrical energy by the using “Solar Silicon Cell”.
Solar PV has found wide application in rural areas for various important activities besides rural home lighting.
Remote villages deprived of grid power can be easily powered using the Solar Photovoltaic technology. The economics of rural electrification can be attractive considering the high cost of power transmission and erratic power supply in the rural areas.

45. How electricity is generated through Solar Energy
Solar photo voltaic (SPV). Can be used to generate electricity form the sun.
Silicon solar cells play an important role in generation of electricity.

46. Solar cells Characteristics.
Isc-short circuit current.
Voc-open circuit voltage.
Peak power.
Isc
Voc

47. How solar cells Generate electricity

48. From Cells to Modules
The open circuit voltage of a single solar solar cell is approx 0.5V.
Much higher voltage voltage is required for practical application.
Solar cells are connected in series to increase its open circuit voltage.

49. Solar Power projects Map

50. BIOMASS POWER

51. BIO MASS
Biomass is the most important source for energy productions supplied by agriculture
This energy is also available in the form of biodegradable waste, which is the rejected component of available biomass
Organic matter in which the energy of sunlight is stored in chemical bonds
When the bonds between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules are broken by digestion, combustion (or) decomposition these substances release stored energy

52. BIO MASS - CLASSIFICATION
Biomass Grown (plantation)
Agricultural Waste (straw, husk)
Animal waste (dung)
Industrial waste (bagasse, dry waste)
Municipal waste (garbage, nightsoil)

53. BIO MASS Biomass is currently the world’s fourth largest energy source
India produces 540 million tonnes of crop and plantation residues every year
Higher Capacity factors than other renewables
Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste
Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine
500 kW gasifier – largest installation

54. Biogas 45-70% CH4(Methane) rest CO2 Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3
Digestor- well containing animal waste
Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder
Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
Family size plants 2m3/day
Community Size plants m3/day
Rs for a 2m3 unit
Cooking, Electricity, running engine

55. Commissioned till March 31, 2005
Potential for Bagasse-based Cogeneration in Major Sugar Producing States in India
State
Potential (in MW)
Commissioned till March 31, 2005
(in MW)
Maharashtra
1,250
32.50
Uttar Pradesh
46.50
Tamil Nadu
500
114.00
Karnataka
109.38
Andhra Pradesh
300
160.05
Bihar
Gujarat
250
0.50
Punjab
150
22.00
Others
15.00
Total
5,000
483.93

57. BIO FUELS What are biofuels Renewable fuels from biosources. Include
1. Ethanol
2. Biodiesel
3. Biogas
Why Biofuels
Pollution threat
Reduction of green house gas emission
Regional development
Social structure & Agriculture
Security of supply.

58. Importance of Biodiesel
Environment friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
No engine modification
Increase in Engine life
Biodegradable & non toxic
Easy to handle and store.

59. Biodiesel program in India
In India most of the trials were done using bio diesel from Jatropha Pongamia.
Other than Jatropha & Pongamia, the raw material used for bio-diesel production are sunflower, soyabean, rapeseed and palm oil
In December 31, 2002: - Indian Railway Conducted a successful trial run of an Express
Passenger train on the Delhi-Amritsar rout using 5% of biodiesel as fuel.
Indian Oil Corporation began in January 2004 field trials of running buses on diesel doped with 5% biodiesel.

60. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy—the heat from the earth.
This heat can be drawn from several sources:
hot water or steam reservoirs deep in the earth that are accessed by drilling;
geothermal reservoirs located near the earth's surface;
the shallow ground near the Earth's surface that maintains a relatively constant temperature of 50°-60° F.

63. Map showing Geothermal Provinces of India

64. How a Geothermal Power Plant Works

65. TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal energy traditionally involves erecting a dam across the opening to a tidal basin.
The dam includes a sluice that is opened to allow the tide to flow into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and as the sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be used to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin.
Tidal range may vary over a wide range ( m) from site to site. A tidal range of at least 7 m is required for economical operation and for sufficient head of water for the turbines

66. TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal energy schemes are characterised by low capacity factors, usually in the range of 20-35%.
There is a high capital cost for a tidal energy project, with possibly a 10-year construction period.
Tidal power generation may change the sedimentation and erosion patterns in the estuary. Pollutants discharged into the rivers upstream from the barrages may accumulate in the estuary.

67. Emerging Developments in Renewables
Ocean Energy
Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves, tides, or on the thermal energy (heat) stored in the ocean.
The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves.
Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar collectors. The sun warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference stores thermal energy. Thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation.

68. Emerging Developments in Renewables – Contd.
Ocean mechanical energy : A barrage (dam) is typically used to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines
For wave energy conversion, there are three basic systems: channel systems that funnel the waves into reservoirs, float systems that drive hydraulic pumps, and oscillating water column systems that use the waves to compress air within a container.

69. WAVE ENERGY
The total power of waves breaking on the world's coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. Three approaches to capturing wave energy are:
Floats or Pitching Devices These devices generate electricity from the bobbing or pitching action of a floating object.
Oscillating Water Columns (OWC) These devices generate electricity from the wave-driven rise and fall of water in a cylindrical shaft. The rising and falling water column drives air into and out of the top of the shaft, powering an air-driven turbine.
Wave Surge Or Focusing Devices These shoreline devices, also called "tapered channel" or "tapchan" systems, rely on a shore-mounted structure to channel and concentrate the waves, driving them into an elevated reservoir. Water flow out of this reservoir is used to generate electricity, using standard hydropower technologies

70. Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave
World
Cost Estimates
Geothermal
Commercial
8240 MW
4c/kWh
$2000/kW
No Indian experience
50 MW plant J & K planned
Tidal
Prototype
240 MW
FRANCE
LF 20% No Indian experience
OTEC
50 kW
210 kW
NELHA
India 1MW gross plant under construction
Wave Energy
< 1MW
Grid Connected
India 150 kW plant
Thiruvananthpuram

71. WAVE ENERGY

72. ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Sector
Capital Cost
(Rs Crore/MW)
Cost of Generation
(Rs/kWh)
Natural Gas CC
2.5 – 3.5
Coal
5 – 6.5
2 – 2.75
Nuclear
6 - 10
Wind
4 - 10
Biomass
7.5 – 12.5
2 – 4.5
Small Hydro
4 - 6
Solar thermal electric
6 - 9
Solar PV

73. CONCLUSION
India has competitive strengths in wind energy, solar energy, and biofuels. It has advantage in terms of human capital and scientific and engineering capabilities.
India also has an advantage because it has urgent needs. Need generates urgency, which generates demand, which, in turn, generates innovation.
These factors create conditions for India to move ahead.

74. THANKS