1. Brain Anatomy

2. Meninges - 3 layers Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull
Arachnoid
Reduces friction
Filled with CSF; shock absorber
Pia Mater
Very Vascular; needs a lot of oxygen due to high metabolic rate of neurons

3. Gross Anatomy: 6 Regions
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
Gross Anatomy: 6 Regions

4. Precentral gyrus – Motor Strip
Postcentral gyrus – Sensory Strip
Central Sulcus – separates frontal from parietal lobe
Gyri: elevated ridges
Sulci: furrows

6. Corpus Callosum Bridge between Right and Left Hemispheres
Enables Right and Left sides to communicate with each other
Problems
“Split Brain” Syndrome

7. Cerebrum: Frontal Lobe
Functions:
Cognition and Memory
Prefrontal Area: involved with intellect, complex learning abilities and personality; plays a role in mood; feelings of frustration and anxiety are formed here
“Gatekeeper” Judgment, critical thinking and reasoning skills
Problems
Relationships between events, memory loss, behavior disorders, Inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior
Prefrontal lobotomy – 1950s
Cerebrum: Frontal Lobe

8. Motor Areas Function: Motor Strip: Control voluntary motor function
Premotor Cortex: skill area; controls learned motor skills
Precentral gyrus
Broca’s area
Left hemisphere
Directs the muscles of tongue, throat and lips when speaking
Becomes active as we plan to speak
Syntax and grammar rules are remembered

9. Try This!!
Yes the bick. I would say tha the vick daysis nosis or chipickers.
Represents problems with Broca’s area!!
Only found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe
Problems will affect our ability to pronounce words, form sentences, speaking becomes a problem

10. Sensory Areas
Located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

11. Parietal Lobe Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Spatial Discrimination – ability to identify the body region being stimulated
Area is identified by receiving information from skin sensory receptors and proprioceptors in skeletal muscles.
Try This!!
Problems
Inability to locate and recognize body parts; disorientation
Can’t discriminate between different sensory stimuli

12. Somatosensory Area Located posterior to Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Major function to analyze different sensory stimuli (temp, pressure
Evaluate what the body is feeling
Try this!!
Different senses are distributed through all lobes
Somatosensory Area

13. Temporal Lobe Auditory Areas – sound waves are interpreted
Gustatory cortex – perception of taste
Olfactory Cortex – interprets chemical odors
Language
Wernicke’s area – called the speech area
Language comprehension
Understanding jokes
Reading unfamiliar sounds
Problems
Hearing problems
Aphasia – inability to speak
Temporal Lobe

14. Occipital Lobe Visual Areas Receives stimuli from eyes
Interprets information from past experiences
Problems
Loss of vision or “seeing stars”
Can’t recognize the object you see

15. Posterior Association Area
Large region including parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Plays a role in recognizing faces, patterns, and identifying surroundings
Also includes Wernicke’s area

16. Diencephalon Connects to cerebrum Includes: Thalamus, Hypothalamus,
Limbic system
Pineal gland (epithalamus)
Pituitary gland

17. Thalamus Greek for “Inner room” Contains relay and processing centers
Relay Station; involved in memory process
Sorts out information, edits
Gateway to cerebrum

18. Hypothalamus Controls Body Homeostasis Autonomic Nervous System
Influences BP
HR (force and rate)
Digestive tract motility
Emotions
Pleasure, fear, rage
Sex Drive
Body temperature regulation
Food intake; hunger
Thirst (water balance)
No blood-brain barrier
Circadian rhythms
Control of Endocrine
(secrete ADH, oxytocin)

19. Hypothalamus and Pineal Gland
Problems with hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Problems
Hormonal Imbalances
Hypothermia
Diabetes
Obesity
Sleep Disturbances
Dehydration
Part of epithalamus
Secretes hormone melatonin
Helps regulate Sleep-Wake Cycle

20. Limbic System Hypothalamus is heart of Limbic System: Emotional Brain
Contains Amygdala
Recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions
Contains Hippocampus
Involved with learning, long-term memory and storage
Problems
H.M. Case Study STM to LTM
Had difficulty remembering anything after his surgery
Was able to learn new motor skills, despite not being able to remember learning them
Limbic System
“Ring”

21. Pituitary Gland Link between NS and Endocrine system
Produces GH and TSH
Posterior part of gland is a hormone storage area
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland ->

22. Brain Stem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Primitive Brain
Pathway between lower brain and spinal cord and lower brain and higher brain functions

23. Contains 2 pairs of sensory nuclei (Colliculi); Auditory and Visual Reflex Centers I.e. rxns to flashlight or loud noises
Motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves (III, IV) involved in eye movements
III Oculomotor – eye movement
IV Trochlear – rotates eye up and down
Cerebral Peduncles – descending bundles of motor nerve fibers – connect to cerebellum
RAS center begins here; Filters out repetitive sensory stimuli. (99% of all stimuli is ignored)
Midbrain

24. Colliculi of Midbrain Superior Colliculi Midbrain Inferior Colliculi
Corpus Quadrigemini
Superior Colliculi
Visual Reflex Centers
Follow movement with eye
Associated with Cranial nerve III
Inferior Colliculi
Auditory Reflex
Startle Reflex
Midbrain

25. Pons Bridge: Connects cerebellum to brain stem; cerebrum and S. cord
Relay Center
Cranial Nerves (V-VIII) are attached here
Respiratory Center – Involuntary Control of pace and depth of breathing
Problems
Hyperventilation
Pons
Bridge

26. Connects Brain to S. cord; relays info to Thalamus
Contains major centers for Autonomic Regulation such as HR, Bp, respiration and digestive activities
Cardiac Center – adjusts force and rate of heart beat
Vasomotor Center – regulates BP
Respiratory Center – controls rate and depth of breathing with N. Fdbk loop in pons.
Controls other pleasant body Activities: vomit, hiccupps, cough, sneeze, swallow, and gag
Again no blood-brain barrier!
Medulla Oblongata

27. Coordination; fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movement (Sports)
Receives stimuli from proprioceptors – evaluate body position
Maintains balance and posture
Imbalances
Ataxia; Lack of coordination
Tremors
Alcohol – affects motor skills; reaction time
Easily passes through blood-brain barrier
Cerebellum