1. Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Ms. Eraqi
US History Review
Articles of Confederation and the Constitution
Ms. Eraqi

2. Articles of Confederation
(1781) – First government of the United States
Congress was a unicameral legislature with delegates, or representatives, from each state.
The main power of Congress involved foreign affairs.
All 13 states had to agree on all amendments.
9 of the 13 states had to agree on all federal laws.

4. Power The states had more power than the federal government.
Examples: taxation and law enforcement
Weak federal government on purpose because they were afraid of their experiences with the British monarchy and Parliament.

5. Weakness of Articles I. Currency Issues
The United States did not have a common currency.
Americans carried money from the federal government, state government, and foreign nations.

6. Weakness of Articles Cont.
Merchants stopped accepting money from outside of their own state, causing a lot of money to become worthless.
This caused an increase in inflation.

7. Weakness of Articles II. Debt Examples:
Congress could not tax the people and depended on money from the states.
Examples:
- The U.S. owed money to France, Holland, and Spain for loans made during the Revolutionary War.
- The U.S. had not paid many of their own soldiers!

8. Weakness of Articles III. International and Domestic Problems
The U.S. lacked the military power to defend itself against Great Britain and Spain.
States acted as individual countries and seldom agreed.
Example: Connecticut and Virginia almost went to war over land claims!

9. Weakness of Articles The nation lacked a national court system
The nation did not have a President, or Chief Executive.
Congress had one house. (unicameral)
Laws were difficult to pass, needing the approval of nine states.
Congress was responsible to the states, not the people.
Congress had no power to collect taxes, regulate trade, coin money, or establish a military.

10. Shays’ Rebellion Farmer’s income decreased while taxes increased.
Farmers who could not pay their debts had their farms taken away by the courts.
In 1786, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers in an attempt to capture a federal arsenal.

11. Result of Shay’s Rebellion
The U.S., without an organized army, was powerless. Massachusetts sent a militia to stop the rebellion.
Shays’ Rebellion convinced many people that the U.S. needed a new, stronger government.

12. Constitutional Convention
Large States wanted representation based on population
This meant that larger states would have more power over smaller states
Smaller states wanted equal representation
Smaller states wanted each state to have only one representative regardless of population

13. Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
- It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.
- Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches.
- It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.

14. Constitutional Convention
Great Compromise
It provided for a bicameral Congress.
House of Representatives – each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan)
Senate – each state has 2 Senators (satisfied the NJ Plan)
Both houses of Congress must pass every law.

15. Issues with Constitution
Federalists
Antifederalists
supported the Constitution
opposed the Constitution
believed that the Constitution made the national government too strong and states too weak
wanted a strong national government and weaker state governments
believed in the need for a strong executive branch
thought that the President had too much power

16. Issues with Constitution
Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton, were against the Bill of Rights, claiming it was unnecessary since all state constitutions already had a bill of rights.
Alexander Hamilton: Against the Bill of Rights
Thomas Jefferson: Favored the Bill of Rights

17. Bill of Rights
Smaller states worried that their rights would be ignored by larger states
To solve this issue, James Madison wrote the first ten amendments in 1791, which are known as the Bill of Rights.

18. New Government
The new constitution had separation of powers between three branches of government
These branches allowed for a system of checks and balance to prevent one branch from having more power than another.

19. Years of Growth and Expansion

20. War of 1812 In 1803, Britain and France went to war again.
Both countries seized U.S. ships sailing towards the ports of their enemy.
Britain continued its’ impressments of U.S. sailors.
Between 1808 and 1811 over 6,000 Americans were impressed by the British.

21. Reason For War I. Nationalism
-Many Americans felt that Great Britain still treated the United States like a British colony.
II. Revenge
-Wanted to revenge on Britain for seizing American ships.
III. Expansion
-An excuse to conquer Canada from Great Britain and Florida from Spain.
IV. Native American Attacks
-Felt that Great Britain was arming Native Americans on the frontier and encouraging them to attack Americans.

22. War of 1812 cont.
In 1814, the British set Washington, D.C. on fire, including the White House.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
While it ended the war, the treaty did not resolve any of the problems between Britain and the U.S.
War officially ends two weeks later at Battle of New Orleans

23. Result of War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine
North and South America should no longer be thought of as areas for European colonization.
The U.S. would not interfere with European affairs, and European countries should not interfere with the affairs of any nation in the Western Hemisphere.

24. Texas Settlement Manifest Destiny
Americans believed it was America’s Destiny to expand from sea to shining sea.
1822 –American settlers moved to Texas, which was a part of Mexico
Settlers had to agree to the following:
Must Become Roman Catholic
Must Become Mexican Citizen
Must Obey Mexican Laws

25. Texas Independence
On March 2, 1836, Texas seceded from Mexico, becoming an independent country.
Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna sent troops to stop Texas.

26. The Alamo Colonel William Travis commanded 187 settlers in the Alamo
After 13 days, every man was killed by Mexican troops.
“Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry throughout the Texas revolution.

27. Country of Texas Battle of San Jacinto - April 21, 1836
Gen. Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna, taking him prisoner.
Texas became known as the Lone Star Republic.
1st President : Sam Houston
Became a state in 1845

28. Mexican-American War

29. What Caused the Mexican War?
Americans move westward from sea to shining sea
Mexico and USA dispute over border
The U.S. Army provokes the Mexican army to attack them along the Rio Grande River

30. America Divided? Not all Americans wanted to expand into Mexico.
Northerners feel would take money away from the nation.
War requires increased taxes. Some Americans are against more taxes.
Acquiring Mexico will “taint” the U.S., won’t be American.

31. Mr. Polk’s Little War
Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to send troops to provoke the Mexicans
American troopers are attacked and with this Polk goes to Congress to get approval for war

32. The Mexican Army Mexican officers do not go to military school
Old weapons, cannons and disorganization
It is an army of men forced to serve as soldiers

33. The Cost of War 1,700 killed 11,000 die of diseases
Millions will be spent on the war effort
The Mexican War will serve as a training ground for Civil War generals

34. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
United States pays Mexico $15 million dollars
Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado are ceded to the U.S.
Mexicans in the region are to become Americans

35. The Mexican Cession

36. Second Class Citizens
The Spanish language and Mexican culture will not be accepted
Leads to Mexican Americans not being accepted
Mexican Americans will be subjected to low wages and minimal work
In response to such actions Mexican Americans choose to deal with these issues in many ways

37. Civil War

38. Civil War Missouri Compromise:
Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.
Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state.
Maine (1820)
Missouri (1821)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Indiana (1816)
Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803)
Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791)
Tennessee (1796)
Rhode Island
Kentucky (1792)
New York
Virginia
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Massachusetts
South Carolina
Connecticut
Maryland
New Jersey
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Delaware

39. Civil War
Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N.
Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.

40. Issues Between North And South
-Very industrialized
-Lots of immigrants
-Lots of factories
The North had government power, money and a strong population.
Very opposed to Slavery

41. Issues Between North and South
-Felt threatened by North
- Small population, mostly slaves
-Agriculture based
The South Believed that:
Slavery was their constitutional right
States had individual right to chose
Economic Base
Way of Southern Life
If the states lost slavery then they would lose their power in government, individual voice, and income.

42. Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected President
Shortly after, South Carolina seceded from the Union.
Six other states soon followed.

43. North has the advantage in population
Advantages
North
Population: 22 million
4 million men of combat age
South
Population: 9 million
1.2 million men of fighting age
3.5 million slaves
North has the advantage in population

44. North has the advantage in industrial power
Advantages
North
Economy: 100,000 Factories
70,000 miles of Railroad
$190,000 in bank deposits
South
Economy: 20,000 factories
9,000 miles of Railroad
$50,000 in bank deposits
North has the advantage in industrial power

45. Advantages North South
Armed Forces: mostly drafted soldiers with overly cautious officers
More soldiers
African Americans - 10% of Union forces
Strong navy
South
Armed Forces: better trained soldiers & better leadership
No real navy
North has the advantage in # of soldiers, but South in the quality of soldiers & generals

46. Advantages North South Government - Strong well-established government
Government - Weak government, most power given to states
North has a stronger government, better able to direct resources (people & products) towards the war

47. Results Four years of fighting Union Victory
Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.
Reconstruction begins

48. Reconstruction

49. Reconstruction
Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.
The confederacy was dead – all confederate money was worthless and banks closed.
People lost all their savings.
Lincoln wanted to help the South recover to help unite the two sides.

50. Reconstruction Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan:
I. Once 10% of the state’s voters swore loyalty to the U.S….
II. …Southern states could rejoin the national government after they abolished slavery.

51. Civil War Amendments 13th Slavery abolished (1865)
14th Granted Freed Slaves citizenship (1868)
15th Granted Freed Slaves the right to vote (1870)

52. Freedman’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites.
Many salves remained on the farms working as sharecroppers because it was a job they were skilled in.
During Reconstruction African-Americans were able to vote and hold political office.

53. Ku Klux Klan Greek term Kyklos – gathering
Fraternity of old confederate soldiers
White supremacy
Terrorist group designed to scare, intimidate and torture freed slaves to prevent them from gaining status in society

54. Compromise of 1877 Compromise of 1877
Southerners resented Northern presence in south.
Felt like occupation, not help.
During the Election of 1876 neither candidate, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes or Democrat Samuel Tilden, had enough electoral votes to win the election.
Compromise of 1877
South would allow Republican Hayes to be declared President if troops left south and end reconstruction.
Without northern troops, African-Americans were left unprotected.

55. Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws meant to segregate blacks from whites.
Examples:
segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks

56. Jim Crow Laws Grandfather’s Clause
In order to help poor, illiterate whites to vote, a grandfather clause was passed.
It stated that if a voter’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, they did not have to take a literacy test.
This allowed whites to vote, but not freedmen.

57. Jim Crow
Poll Tax
Poll taxes and literacy tests were used to prevent freedmen from voting.