1. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Parts of Speech
Please copy the following info about the parts of speech into your English notebook.
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2. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Parts of Speech
O.k., so what are they?
Articles
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Pronouns
Prepositions
Interjections
Gerunds
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3. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
That’s all I got.
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4. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Articles
Please copy the following info about the articles into your English notebook.
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Articles
Articles introduce nouns: “the” is the definite article, “a” and “an” are indefinite articles. Try using them in a sentence to understand the distinction between definite and indefinite.
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A ferret could be any ferret, any where. The ferret specifies definitely—the ferret in my jacuzzi, for example.
Articles have a simple function—to point out, or introduce, a noun.
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Step off, aight?
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8. Please copy the following info about nouns into your English notebook.
Things That Make Ya Go
"Hmmm!"
Nouns
Please copy the following info about nouns into your English notebook.
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Nouns
Nouns, as we all know, are “people, places, and things” type of words. It’s easy to see that objects are nouns—things such as pencils, uvulas, televisions, yo’ momma. But abstract things such as qualities and ideas can be nouns too—love is a noun, and egotism, and spoilage. Nouns can be . . .
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singular, when you are talking about one thing (moco) and nouns can be plural, when you’re talking about more than one thing (mocos). Being able to spot nouns is important because the subject of a sentence is always a noun or a pronoun (we’ll cover pronouns in a little while).
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11. That concludes today’s studies!
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12. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Adjectives
Please copy the following info about adjectives into your English notebook.
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Adjectives
Adjectives are descriptive words. Gorgeous, hideous, smelly, crunk, baggy, and pathetic are all adjectives because they describe, or modify, nouns.
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Less obvi- ously descrip- tive are adjectives that show which one or how many: that player, her braids, enough chalupas, every ferret. See how the adjectives clarify which noun (or how many of each noun) is being talked about?
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15. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Slow your roll!
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16. Please copy the following info about verbs into your English notebook.
Things That Make Ya Go
"Hmmm!"
Verbs
Please copy the following info about verbs into your English notebook.
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Verbs
Without a verb, you have no sentence. Verbs express either action, like burping, freaking, or touching, or state-of-being, like am, seems, will be. The first kind of verb is called an action verb, and the second is called a linking verb.
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Put another way, verbs tell what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject, even if the subject is doing nothing more than existing, just like some of us in this class.
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Thank you, and goodbye!
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20. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Transitive Verbs
Please copy the following info about transitive verbs into your English notebook.
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Transitive &
Intransitive Verbs
A transitive verb takes a direct object (She bit me) as opposed to an intransitive verb, which doesn’t (He swam home) or (He swam in the pool).
In the dictionary, a tran-sitive verb is indicated by vt, and intransitive verb by vi.
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Direct Objects
The direct object is not the subject of the sentence, it’s the noun receiving the action. The object isn’t doing anything, it’s having something done to it. A sentence doesn’t need a direct object to be a sentence.
Example: Jenny threw the flowers.
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Explanation
Jenny is the subject; she’s the one doing the throwing. Flowers is the object; they aren’t doing anything, but something is being done to them—they are being thrown. Ya know what I’m sayin?
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24. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
I’m ghost!
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25. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Adverbs
Please copy the following info about adverbs into your English notebook.
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Adverbs modify verbs (kiss passionately), adjectives (often happy), or other adverbs (too quickly). Adverbs frequently end in –ly, but the –ly isn’t a requirement. A test for determining adverbs is to think about function: adverbs tend to tell where, when, or how:
Adverbs
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Adverbs showing where: “Oscar’s over there.”
Adverbs showing when: “Lyneal! Come here, now!”
Adverbs showing how: “Hillary flatulated loudly.”
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28. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
See ya!
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29. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Conjunctions
Please copy the following info about conjunctions into your English notebook.
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Conjunctions connect words or parts of sentences—conjoin means to join together.
Coordinating conjunctions (or matchmaking conjunctions): connect equal parts of sentences. In other words, they connect words to words, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses.
Conjunctions
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A clause contains a noun and a verb.
An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate and can stand as a sentence by itself. A dependent clause contains a verb and a noun but cannot stand as a sentence by itself. A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject and a verb.
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Correlative conjunctions (or seesaw conjunctions) also connect equal parts together (they are really a subcategory of match-making conjunctions). The difference is that seesaw conjunctions are really two conjunctions in one.
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33. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Yes, we’re done, now!
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34. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Subordinating Conjunctions
Please copy the following info about subordinating conjunctions into your English notebook.
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Subordinating
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions (or linking conjunctions) connect dependent, or subordinate, clauses with the independent or main, clause. The subordinate clauses act as nouns or as adverbs.
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36. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill!
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37. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Subordinating Conjunctions
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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38. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill!
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39. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Prepositions
Please copy the following info about prepositions into your English notebook.
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Prepositions
Prepositions express relationships between other words, nouns usually, including relation-ships of time or space. In, of , to , and with are all prepositions. A helpful trick to determine whether a word is a preposition is to place it before the phrase “the fence.”
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Beyond the fence, past the fence, over the fence, under the fence, of the fence, across the fence—all of these constructions make some kind of sense, so all the opening words are prepositions, just doing their job: defining relationships. “The fence” is the object of the preposition.
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42. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Any questions?
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43. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Prepositional Phrases
Please copy the following info about prepositional phrase into your English notebook.
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44. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. Look at the following prepositional phrase:
Because he was in a bad mood (the Lakers lost, again), Joey walked quickly with a frown to class.
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Explanation
?with a frown also describes Joey; it, too, is an adjective phrase.
? to class describes where Joey walked. So it is an adverb phrase
? in a bad mood, describes Joey; so in a bad mood is an adjective phrase.
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Explanation
All of these phrases are still prepositional phrases, and prepositional phrases usually act either as adjectives or adverbs. Makes sense, doesn’t it?
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47. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Daaaang!
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48. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Prepositions
Please copy the following info about prepositions into your English notebook.
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49. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Prepositions
As we know, prepositional phrases can act as adjectives or adverbs.Occasion- ally prepositional phrases act as a noun.
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Identify the Subject
? Before dinner is a good time to do homework.
Before dinner is the subject of the verb “is”. Remember, “Before dinner” is a prepositional phrase.
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51. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Let’s Bounce!
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52. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Interjections
Please copy the following info about interjections into your English notebook.
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53. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Wow! Shut up! Hijole! Interjections are the most fun part of speech! Curses—at least the ones we can print here—are in this category: Damn! Hey! are interjections that function as filler, or as a kind of introductory word, often to show emphasis. And the good news is: no rules apply, except possibly good taste. Cool!
Interjections
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54. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Fo’ Sheezy!
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55. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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56. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Pronouns
Pronouns are a subgroup of nouns—they act as stand-ins for nouns. There are eight categories of pronouns, but a few simple rules govern their use. First, some terms:
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Pronoun Terms
Case concerns the function of the pronoun in the sentence. The three cases are nominative, objective, and possessive. It might be easier, by specific-ally describing function, to think of these as subject pronouns, object pronouns, and ownership pronouns.
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58. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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59. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Number— makes a pronoun either singular or plural. Gender—specifies whether the person a pronoun refers to is a man or woman. An Antecedent—is the noun (usually appearing earlier in the sentence) that the pronoun stands in for.
Pronouns
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60. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Isn’t learning fun?
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61. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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62. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Categorical Pronouns
Subject Pronouns (nominative case): I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. All of these will be the subject of a verb. Example: “It is alive!“
It is the subject of the verb is. Example: Jenna knew exactly what she should do. She is the subject of the verb “should do.”
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63. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Chill, dawg!
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64. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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65. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Ownership
Pronouns
Ownership Pronouns (possessive case): my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs. They are used to show ownership and answers the question “Whose?” Example: Amanda loved her iguana like crazy. Ask yourself, “Whose iguana?” Answer: “Her iguana.”
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66. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
We’ll that was cogent!
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67. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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68. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Categorical Pronouns
Object Pronouns (objective case): me, you, him, her, it, us, them. These are always the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive—never the subject. In other words, object pronouns are having something done to them, rather than doing the action them- selves.
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“Josh showered him with insults.” The him isn’t doing anything—he’s receiving the insults, not showering them.
Example: “He wanted her to go to a movie with him.” He is the subject of wanted; her is the object of wanted; him is the object of the preposition with. Whoa!
Examples
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70. So much learning; so little time.
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71. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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72. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Rules for Pronouns
Subject pronouns follow the verb to be.
Example: “It is I.” Explanation: I follows is.
Example: “It was they who ate all the cookies.” Explanation: They follows was.
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Explanation
Casually talking to each other we would naturally say, “It’s me” or “It was them”—this rule applies mostly to formal writing. Again, base your choice on the situation Audience is everything.
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Examples
“He wanted her to go to a movie with him.” Explanation: He is the subject of wanted; her is the object of wanted; him is the object of the preposition with.
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75. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
We done!
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76. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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77. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
If you are having trouble deciding whether to use a subject or object pronoun, ignore parts of the sentence that get in the way.
Example: The website was paid for by Jennifer and (I, me).
Read as: The website was paid for by (I, me).
Rules for Pronouns
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78. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Now your ear should help you out: “The website was paid for by me.” Therefore: “The website was paid for by Jennifer and me.” The main difficultly arises when another person gets between the preposition and the pronoun—so get the other person out of the way, and you will choose correctly.
Rules for Pronouns
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79. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Fortuitous, was it not?
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80. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about pronouns into your English notebook.
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81. Rules for Relative Pronouns
These pronouns link a subordinate, or relative, clause to the main clause of the sentence. They also act as stand-ins for nouns, just as all pronouns do. The definite relative pronouns are which, that, and who (or whom, if you’re using the objective form of who). The indefinite relative pronouns are. . .
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82. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
…what, which, who, whatever, whom, and whomever. The difference between definite and indefinite relative pronouns is that indefinite pronouns aren’t clearly standing in for a noun already in the sentence—they have no antecedent. This is not a distinction you need to lose sleep over.
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83. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Don’t worry, the end is near. I don’t mean that in a cataclysmic sense, I’m referring to our review of the parts of speech.
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84. Things That Make Ya Go "Hmmm!" Pronouns
Please copy the following info about gerunds into your English notebook.
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85. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
Simple stuff, really. A gerund always—yes, always— ends with -ing. It may seems verby, but it acts like a noun.
Example: Valerie’s smiling unnerves me.
Example: Writing is difficult, but so is grading.
Gerunds
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86. Written and Oral English-Language Convention Standard 1.0
This concludes our rather lengthy but informative study regarding the parts of speech. I thank you for your time.
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