1. Shaping Modern SW Asia Chapter 12 Lesson 3

2. Arab Empire Arab Empire was united under Islam Arab Empire ruled by a caliph –Leader claiming to be successor of Muhammad Invaders of Arab Empire –Turks, Mongols, Christian Crusaders Most Feared Invader: Mongols –Crusades: series of European military conflicts whose goal was to recapture the Holy Land

3. Why other religions tolerated in Arab World Muhammad taught Muslims to respect Jews and Christians because they were “People of the Book”

4. Ottoman Empire Ottomans: Muslim Turks Greatest Leader: Suleiman Contribution –Had many mosques built Suleiman Mosque still stands in Istanbul

5. Ottoman Empire-cont. Greatest Rival: Safavid Empire Located in Persia (Iran) Shah Abbas: Ruler who united Ottoman and Persian Empires

6. Divisions in Islam 2 main divisions –Sunni –Shiite Cause of division –Disagreement or different ideas over who should be the imam after death of Muhammad Imams: religious leaders

7. Differences in Sunni and Shiite Muslim Sunni Muslim –Believe imam (religious leader) should be picked for leadership qualities by members of the Muslim community Most Muslims in the world are Sunni

8. Differences in Sunni and Shiite Muslim-cont. Shiite Muslim –Believe imam should be a caliph Caliph: Direct descendant of Muhammad Shiites place more emphasis on religious qualities Majority of Muslims in Iran and Iraq are Shiite

9. Similarities in Sunni and Shiite Muslim Both believe in one true God (Allah) Both look to the Quran for guidance Both encourage Muslims to take a hajj –Hajj: pilgrimage all Muslims take to Mecca at least once in their lifetime Both have conservative, moderate, and liberal factions

10. Imperialism Imperialism: Control of one country by another through economic, political, or military means “West / Western Ways”: Europe and European culture “West” interest in SW: –Wanted markets for their products –Thought they had a mission to “civilize” the region by introducing Western ways

11. Effects of European Imperialism Political boundaries combined conflicting interests –Led to violence Medical knowledge increase how long people lived –Led to increased population –Led to more resources being used up

12. Effects of European Imperialism- cont. Farming methods changed –Led to change in the local economies Education was centered on Western models –Did not teach students their own language Rise in Arab nationalism –Groups in SW Asia wanted independence from European control

13. Vocabulary Caliph: leader claiming to be the successor of Muhammad Imams: religious leaders Sunni: division of Islam in which Muslims believe imam should be picked based on leadership qualities Shiite: division of Islam in which Muslims believe leader should be caliph The number zero (0): concept introduced by Arab mathematicians to European scholars –Means absence of quantity