1. Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology I

2. Syllabus Grades Assignments and Tests – should be turned in on time
25% homework
25% exams
25% final exam
25% participation
Assignments and Tests – should be turned in on time
1 week late 75%
2 weeks late 50%
3 weeks late 25%
4 weeks late - NO Credit

3. Chapter 1 Language of Anatomy
Biology – study of life
Anatomy – Greek word for “a cutting open”
Study of structure (morphology) of body parts, their forms and how they are organized
Physiology –
Study of the functions of body parts, what they do, how they do it and why these functions occur
Structure of our body make the functions possible.
Hands grasp, mouth opens for food, heart pumps blood

4. Levels of Organization
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

5. Molecules – more than one atom
Atoms – microscopic particles that join to form molecules – the smallest unit of measure
Molecules – more than one atom
Macromolecules – very large molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

6. Cells – the basic unit of structure and function
Microscopic
Vary in shape, size and special functions
Contain organelles
Carry out specific activities
Composed of proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids
Tissues – organized cells the have common functions

7. Organs – groups of tissues that perform specialized functions
Stomach, heart, lungs
Organ systems – organs function closely together
cardiovascular system, digestive system, respiratory system….

8. Organism

9. Overview

10. Traits of all living organisms
Responsiveness
Property of Irritability: the body always responds to any changes within the body
Property of Adaptability: the body can make long term changes
Growth: from the moment of fertilization, all cells grow and become specialized
Reproduction
Digestion: breakdown of food by the body into nutrients
Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2
Circulation: of nutrients and O2 to body parts
Metabolism – all chemical processes in the body
Absorption: of nutrients and O2
Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemicals the body can use
Excretion: removal of harmful waste produced by the body

11. Requirements to maintain life

12. Homeostasis

13. Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism
All body functions operate within very narrow limits
Human body has control systems:
Receptors: provide info about certain conditions in the internal environment
Set Point: what the particular value should be (body temperature)
Effectors: cause responses that change conditions in the internal environment

14. How it works Negative Feedback (corrects deviations)
Receptors sense a deviation from set point and effectors work to return body to set point
Ex. Too hot, body sweats to lower body temp
Too cold, we shiver
Positive Feedback (intensifies response)
Receptors sense that the body needs more power and the effectors respond by increasing or strengthening what is happening
Ex. Child birth, increases strength of uterine contractions

15. Organization of the Body

16. Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity (filled with fluid)
Includes cranial and vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity (filled with air)
Includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Contains pericardial cavity
Divided into 2 compartments by the mediastinum (contains heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea & thymus)
Separates R and L pleural cavities
Abdominal Cavity (* diaphragm)
Viscera: stomach, liver, spleen, gallbadder, kidneys, most of sm/lg intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Viscera: end of lg intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Air filled cavities are able to change shape and size. Ex. Stomach, heart, lungs,

17. Smaller Cavities
Oral Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Orbital
Middle Ear

18. Membrane Linings
Parietal Linings – membranes that are attached to the wall of a cavity
ex. Parietal pleural (thoracic cavity)
Visceral Linings – membranes covering an internal organ
ex. Visceral peritoneum (abdominal viscera)
These linings are separated by a thin film of watery fluid called serous fluid

19. Potential Space Pleural Cavity – filled with lungs
Pericardial Cavity – filled with the heart
Peritoneal Cavity – filled with abdominal viscera

20. Organ Systems

21. Integumentary System Body Covering Hair, finger & toe nails Skin
Protects underlying tissues
Helps to regulate body temp
Contains many receptors
Mechanical defense

22. Support and Movement Skeletal System Muscular System
Bones, ligaments, cartilage
Provides framework for the body
Protects soft tissue
Stores minerals
Produces blood cells
Muscular System
Muscles Provide
forces that move body parts
Main source of body heat
Support internal organs

23. Integration & Coordination
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
Communicate with each other:
Send out and receive nerve impulses
Act as receptors
Stimulate other systems of the body to react
Directs immediate response
Endocrine system
Hypothalamus (brain), pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus
Secrete chemical messengers called hormones
Long term changes

24. Transport responsible for transporting substances thru the internal environment
Cardiovascular System
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
Transports:
Nutrients, wastes, blood cells and O2
Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Defends:
Against infections and provides immunity to the body

25. Absorption & Excretion
Digestive System
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, sm/lg intestines
Receive food, breakdown the food for absorption,eliminates waste
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Moves air in and out, gas exchange between blood and air
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Removes waste from blood, helps maintain electrolyte balance
Eliminates excess H20, salts and wastes

26. Reproduction Reproductive System – reproduces a whole new organism
Female – ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Male – scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, eminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra

27. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position
Upright
Facing forward
Arms at sides
Palms facing forward
*anatomical position is used when describing the relative positions of the body parts
Supine – lay down, face up
Prone – lay down, face down

28. Positions relate to imaginary planes where cuts might be made
Superior – above or toward the head
Inferior – below or toward the feet
Anterior/ventral – toward the front
Posterior/dorsal – toward the back
Medial – toward imaginary midline (divides body into equal R and L halves)
Lateral – away from imaginary midline, toward the side
Bilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral
Proximal – closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
Distal – opposite to proximal, point further away from attachment to the trunk than another body part
Superficial – near the surface
Deep – more internal than superficial parts

29. Planes
Sagittal – lengthwise plane that divides the body into R/L portions
Midsagittal – Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal L/R halves
Transverse – plane that divides the body into superior & inferior parts
Coronal (frontal) – plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior parts

30. Body Regions Epigastric – upper middle
L/R hypochondriac –L & R of epigastric
Umbilical – belly button area
L/R Lumbar – L & R of umbilical region
Hypogastric – lower middle
L/R Iliac – L & R of hypogastric

31. 4 Abdominal Quadrants Used to describe where abdominal pain is located
Right Upper (RUQ)
Left Upper (LUQ)
Right Lower (RLQ)
Left Lower (LLQ)