1. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Ecosphere Anthroposphere Materials Sink for: Wastes & Emissions Needs & Wants Solar Radiation (T eff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR) Earth’s Radiation (T eff ~ 300K mainly IR) Services Products Production All materials that enter the economic system will eventually leave it Large amounts of low-entropy energy are needed to drive the economic system All economic activity is essentially dissipative of both energy and materials Low-entropy Energy Material Flows in the Economy high-entropy Energy

2. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Ecosphere Anthroposphere Materials Sink for: Wastes & Emissions Needs & Wants Solar Radiation (T eff ~ 6000K mainly UV, optical and IR) Earth’s Radiation (T eff ~ 300K mainly IR) Services Products Production Closing material loops Dematerialization Avoiding hazardous and toxic substances Thermodynamically efficient use of energy Low-entropy Energy Towards Industrial Ecosystems high-entropy Energy

3. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Natural Environment Raw Materials Final Products Productive Capital extraction extraction waste production waste recycling material consumption product manufacturing product waste recycling product remanufacturing production waste Industrial ecosystem: Biogeochemical analogy – R U Ayres

4. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Industrial ecosystem: Biogeochemical analogy – R U Ayres Inorganic sedimentary rock sulfate phosphate carbonate Nutrients carbon nitrogen phosphorus sulfur Bio-products (non-living) humus detritus Biomass (living) mobilization sequestration regeneration assimilation (photosynthesis) death excretion sequestration mobilization regeneration

5. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Industrial Ecosystems: Waste as Resource in the Wrong Place Commodity supply Production and manufacturing Use Environment RecyclingReuseCollection Post-consumer waste Manufacturing waste Production waste Landfill and other disposal Releases to air, land, water Renewable and nonrenewable material resources

6. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Industrial ecosystem: Food chain analogy – T E Graedel Primary Producer Smelter Primary Consumer Wire producer Secondary Consumer Cable producer Tertiary Consumer Computer manufacturer Solar energy Extractor Miner Secondary producer RecyclerCollector Top Consumer Customer Concentrated copper ore Copper ore Production waste Lost material Copper ingots Copper wire Data cable Copper ingots Eol PC Recyclables Reusables

7. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Industrial ecosystem: Food chain analogy – T E Graedel Primary Producer Plankton Primary Consumer Invertebrate Secondary Consumer Small fish Tertiary Consumer Large fish Solar energy Extractor Bacteria Decomposer Bacteria Top Consumer Shark Mineral salts Minerals, other resources Excretions, carcasses Inorganic materials Lost material Carcasses

8. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Firm 7 Firm 6 Firm 3 Firm 1 Firm 2 Firm 4 Firm 5 Industrial Ecosystems: Waste-into-Resource Linkages between Firms Material flows Energy flows

9. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Farming Fish farming Lake Tissø Liquid fertilizer production Statoil refinery Energy E2 Asnæs power station Novo Nordisk Novozymes A/S Pharmaceuticals Gyproc A/S plasterboard plant Cement or roads Ni and V recovery Soilrem A/S District heating for Kalundborg Gypsum Fly ash Sulfur Gas (back-up) Sludge Yeast Sludge Wastewater treatment plant Sludge Steam Heat Industrial Symbiosis: The Example of Kalundborg

10. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Flue Gas Desulphurization: CaCO 3 + SO 2 + ½O 2 + 2H 2 O  CaSO 4.2H 2 O + CO 2 Gypsum Calcium Carbonate Firm 1 Firm 2 Waste Management Original (Virgin) Input Exchange is mutually beneficial if waste management cost savings are larger than the cost difference between using original and alternative production input Waste Processing

11. Industrial Ecology – Winter 2008– Session 14 – February 27 Reading for Monday, 3 March: Reading for Monday, 3 March: WEEE Directive (2002) Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) ROHS Directive (2002) Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (are posted on course website)