3. PROCEDURES

4. What is this for?

5. Can you do this instead?

6. If you do this instead of this , you can continue your work while you wait for me. Do this today and at other times when you must wait.

7. Got it?

8. 2 Frayer diagrams per page.
Share information at your table.
Create your own Frayer diagrams in your own journal.
2 Frayer diagrams per page.
USE THE RESOURCES AT YOUR TABLE to find out more, and to help you if you get stuck.
(e.g. Your resources tell all you need to know to start learning about mechanical advantage.)

9. Copy this template for a Frayer diagram.
Topic
by your name

10. First Assignment Inclined Plane Wedge Screw Lever 1st Class Lever
Use the notes provided to make n Frayer diagrams to tell about any n of the following topics n = ___
Inclined Plane
Wedge
Screw
Lever
1st Class Lever
2nd Class Lever
3rd Class Lever
Wheel and Axle
Pulley
Fixed Pulley
Movable Pulley
Block and Tackle
Simple Machines in Your Body
Compound Machines

11. Make a Frayer Diagram Inclined Plane A flat, sloped surface aka: ramp
How it works: allows you to exert your input force over a longer distance, thus decreasing input force
Input force – force with which you push or pull the object
Output force – force that you would have needed to just lift the object
MA = length of incline/height of incline
The longer the incline, the less input force you need
fD Fd

12. Make a Frayer Diagram Wedge
A device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end
One or two inclined planes put together
Most often used to cut things
How it works: you move the wedge toward the object, input force pushes wedge into object and the output force is the wedge exerting force on the object (e.g. chopping wood)
MA = length of wedge/width of wedge
The longer and thinner the wedge, the greater its MA
fD  Fd
Examples: hand-held pencil sharpener, shovel blade, knife

13. Make a Frayer Diagram Screw
An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder (spiral forms threads of screw)
How it works: twist a screw into wood (input force), the threads increase the distance over which the input force acts, the threads exert an output force on the object, friction holds the screw in place
Input force is decreased by the threads
MA = length around threads/length of screw
The closer together the threads, the greater the MA
fD  Fd
Examples: bolts, light bulbs, jar lids, some pumps

14. Make a Frayer Diagram Lever
A rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate, on a fixed point (fulcrum)
How it works: you exert an input force on one part of the bar and the other part of the bar exerts an output force on an object (opening a paint can)
MA = input arm length/output arm length
Input arm length – distance from fulcrum to input force
Output arm length – distance from fulcrum to output force
Levers can increase/decrease your input force and decrease/increase the output distance
Classes of levers – according to the location of the fulcrum relative to input and output forces

15. Make a Frayer Diagram First class lever
Changes direction of input force
f and d stay same if fulcrum is in center
Can decrease input force if fulcrum is closer to output force (e.g. paint-can opener)
Can increase input force if fulcrum is farther from output force
Ex: paint-can opener, scissors (2), pliers (2), seesaw
fD  Fd

16. Make a Frayer Diagram Second class lever
Does not change the direction of the input force
Increases output force
Ex: wheelbarrow, door, nutcrackers (2), bottle openers
(Wheelbarrow also has a wheel and axle.)
fD  Fd

17. Make a Frayer Diagram Third class lever
Does not change the direction of the input force
Increases output distance
lever is attached to fulcrum
Ex: hockey stick, fishing pole, baseball bat, catapult
Fd  fD

18. Make a Frayer Diagram Wheel and Axle
Simple machine made of two circular or cylindrical objects fastened together that rotate about a common axis
Object with larger radius  wheel
Object with smaller radius  axle
How it works: apply input force to wheel, axle rotates and exerts output force
Increases force, but you must exert your force over a larger distance
fD  Fd
Ex: doorknob, steering wheel, screwdriver
Reverse:
Apply input force to axle (Fd  fD)
Ex: transportation vehicles (cars, bicycles)
MA = radius of wheel/radius of axle
The greater the difference between the wheel and axle, the greater (or if reverse situation, lesser) the MA

19. Make a Frayer Diagram Pulley
A simple machine made of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it
How it works: you pull on one end of the rope (input force), the other end of the rope pulls on the object (output force)
Can decrease amount of input force needed (fD  Fd)
Can change the direction of input force (d and f stay same)
Types of pulleys

20. Make a Frayer Diagram Fixed Pulley
Pulley is attached to a structure (pulley does not move)
Only changes the direction of the force
F and D do not change
MA = 1
Ex: flagpole, weightlifting machine

21. Make a Frayer Diagram Movable Pulley
Pulley is attached to the object you want to move (pulley moves along rope/cable with the object)
Decreases input force needed (fD  Fd)
MA = number of supporting strands
Ex: pulleys on sailboats

22. Make a Frayer Diagram Block and Tackle
Combines fixed and movable pulleys
Decreases input force needed (fD  Fd)
MA = number of supporting strands
Ex: construction crane

23. Make a Frayer Diagram Simple Machines in the Body
Most are levers made of bones and muscle
Muscles pull on bones (input force), joint is fulcrum, output force is used for doing work like lifting your hand
Wedges – your teeth and fingernails

24. Make a Frayer Diagram Compound Machines
A machine that utilizes two or more simple machines
MA = product of MAs of individual simple machine parts
Most machines are compound, e.g. apple peeler, pencil sharpener, bicycle, wheelbarrow, tweezers, scissors