1. A Literacy Rx for EFA: What Every Teacher Needs to Know
A Presentation for the
Comparative International Education Society
Baltimore, MD
February 25, 2007

2. Education For All and Literacy
High levels of literacy are quality indicators of primary education.
High levels of literacy are the foundation for successful secondary education and an educated workforce.
High levels of literacy are essential for lifelong learning and for supporting /promoting a culture of literacy

3. The Goals of a Literacy Program
eradication of illiteracy
mastery of basic skills
application of problem solving strategies
independent reading and writing
reading and writing as effective learning tools
reading and writing as valued cultural habits
How we define success dictates our approach in the classroom

4. Three Models of Reading
Text-based Bottom-Up Model
Reader-based Top-Down Model
Interactive Model

5. Text-based Bottom-Up Model
READER UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE
Semantic Analysis
Syntactic Analysis
Lexical Analysis
Perceptual Analysis
TEXT
reading is a perceptual process
meaning resides in the text
processing proceeds from part to whole

6. Reader Based Top-Down Model
READER UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE
Semantic Analysis
Syntactic Analysis
Lexical Analysis
Perceptual Analysis
TEXT
reading is a language process
meaning resides in the reader
processing proceeds from whole to part

7. READER UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE
Interactive Model
READER UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE
Semantic Analysis
Syntactic Analysis
Lexical Analysis
Perceptual Analysis
TEXT
perception of letters depends on surrounding letters
perception of words depends on syntactic environment
perception of words depends on semantic environment
perception of syntax depends on the semantic context
interpretation depends on the general context in which the text is encountered

8. Definition of Reading
Reading is the process of constructing meaning through the dynamic interaction among the reader, the text, and the context of the reading situation.

9. Factors Contributing to Literacy
READER TEXT
Prior Knowledge Type/Organization
Knowledge About Reading Linguistic Properties
Attitudes & Motivation Structural Features
CONTEXT
Purpose/Task
Instruction/Support
Setting

10. Components of Literacy: What Students Should Learn
Word Analysis
Rate and Fluency
Vocabulary Development
Comprehension
Studying
Composition

11. Diagnostic Teaching in Tanzania
Program Objectives
To help teachers develop high-utility classroom assessment techniques for monitoring pupils’ literacy development
To help teachers develop a more articulated understanding of literacy, literacy behaviors, and how literacy develops
To help teachers develop a habit of linking classroom observations, monitoring, knowledge of the literacy process, and instruction.

12. Teacher Knowledge of Literacy
Item Number
No Answer
Partial Correct
Complete Correct
Item #1
Decoding
10/4
10/5
10/20
Item #2
Fluency
15/9
9/5
6/15
Item #3
Vocabulary
7/0
5/10
18/19
Item #4
Comprehension
14/2
2/2
12/27
Item #5
Motivation
13/6
11/9
7/14

13. A Literacy Rx for EFA
a developmental scope and sequence of literacy objectives
informal and standardized assessments of literacy progress
explicit teaching of strategies for reading, writing, listening, and discussion