E_English Grammar Course

Name: E_English Grammar Course
Uploaded: 2017-11-30T12:44:56+00:00
Duration: PTM34S26
Channel: Antonio McLaughlin
Description: E_English Grammar Course

E_English Grammar Course
Unit 2 NOUN PHRASE

Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles
3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns

1.1 Noun – Noun classes Noun 1/1 = a word used TO NAME … A person
(E.g.: Tom, John, Bill Jones) A thing (E.g.: bed, chair, table, house) An animal (E.g.: cat, dog, tiger, lion) An abstract concept (E.g.: peace, war, independence)

1/2 1.2 Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Common nouns

names of institutions/ organizations
1/3 1.2 Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Bill Clinton personal names the Nile geographical names calendar items Easter names of institutions/ organizations the UNICEF

1.2 Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Common nouns Count Ns
1/4 1.2 Noun – Noun classes car cars Noun classes Common nouns Count Ns Non-count Ns Singular Plural salt

1.2 Noun – Noun classes Common nouns Count Ns Non-count Ns 1/5
Concrete Abstract chair gold activity beauty

1.2 Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Common nouns
1/6 1.2 Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Common nouns E.g. Tom, John Count Ns Non-count Ns Concrete Abstract cat failure rice peace

1.2 Noun – Noun classes Let’s check 1/7
To which classes does each of the following nouns belong to? Furniture Garden Victory Serenity Friday

1.2 Noun – Noun classes Let’s check 1/8 Furniture: Non-count, concrete
Garden: Count, concrete Serenity: Non-count, abstract Friday: Proper (calendar item) Victory: Count, abstract

Reference – The articles
2/1 2.1 Reference – The articles Reference Generic Specific Unique

2/2 2.1 Reference – The articles Reference Unique proper noun E.g.: - John loves Mary.

2/3 2.1 Reference – The articles Reference Generic Specific vs. C/f. (1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage. (2) Tigers are dangerous animals.

2/4 2.1 Reference – The articles Specific or generic? (1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage. (2) Tigers are dangerous animals. (1) = SPECIFIC (referring to particular specimens of the class ‘tiger’. (2) = GENERIC (referring to the class ‘tiger’ without specific reference to particular tigers)

2/5 2.1 Reference – The articles Generic Reference & the Articles A German is a good musician. Germans are good musicians. The Germans are good musicians. The German is a good musician (not common).

2/6 2.1 Reference – The articles Specific Reference & the Articles DEFINITE INDEFINITE COUNT NONCOUNT SINGULAR the tiger the furniture a tiger (some) furniture PLURAL the tigers (some) tigers

2/7 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite Indefinite Zero (Ø) E.g.: - The earth goes around the sun. (definite) - He bought a new bike yesterday. (indefinite) - He has just arrived in Ø London. (zero)

2/8 2.2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the” Immediate situation Larger situation Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference Sporadic reference Logical use of THE With body parts

2/9 2.2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference Sporadic reference = the uniqueness of reference of some phrase (the X) is supplied by information given earlier in the discourse The modification of the noun phrase restricts the reference of the noun E.g. The wine that France produces Reference is made to an institution which may be observed recurrently at various places and times. E.g. the theatre, the cinema, the press, etc.

2/10 2.2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference Direct = The same head noun has occurred in the text and a relation of co-reference exists between two NPs E.g.: Susan bought a TV and a video recorder, but she returned the video recorder because it was defective.

2/11 2.2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference Indirect = A reference becomes part of the hearer’s knowledge indirectly E.g.: John bought a new bicycle, but found that one of the wheels was defective.

2/12 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite Immediate situation = derived from the extra-linguistic situation. E.g.: - The roses are beautiful. (said in the garden) - Have you fed the dog? (said in the domestic context)

2/13 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite = general knowledge which is shared or worldwide Larger situation E.g.: the sun the Equator the Republic the North Pole the cosmos the Renaissance

2/14 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite Logical use of THE = the unique reference explained by the logical interpretation of certain words as post-determiners and adjectives

2/15 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite Logical use of THE Ordinals (E.g.: first, second) General ordinals (E.g.: next, last, only) Superlative Adjs (E.g.: best, largest) E.g.: - When is the first flight to Chicago? - This is the only remaining copy. - Of the three newspapers we have in this city, this is the best.

2/16 2.2 Reference – The articles The articles = when the possessor… is subject (1) may be implied rather than stated (2) is relevant or clear (3) Definite With body parts E.g.: - My mother complains of a pain in the neck. (1) - The doctor diagnosed a fracture of the collarbone. (2) - Keep the back straight when serving and your tennis will be better. (3)

2/17 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an The referent: not mentioned before, and assumedly unfamiliar to the speaker or hearer. C/f: (1) A house on the corner is for sale. (2) The house on the corner is for sale.

2/18 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Non-referring uses Substitution uses for ONE

2/19 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an = with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role Non-referring uses E.g.: - What a miserable day it is! = sometimes not referring to anything in reality E.g.: - Bob wants to marry a princess who speaks five languages.

2/19 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE substitute and generic function numerical or quantifying function

2/20 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE numerical or quantifying function In expression: a dozen, a hundred… In quantifiers: a few, a great many… In measure phrase: ten dollars a day…

2/21 2.2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE substitute and generic function = any representative of the class E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.

2/22 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases in a copular relation Noun phrases with sporadic reference Parallel structures Fixed phrases

2/23 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases in a copular relation E.g.: - John F. Kennedy was (the) President of the United States in 1961. = where the complement means a unique role or task = When the appositional N.P indicating a unique role or task is placed first E.g.: - Chelsea centre-forward Milton Smith = When the complement of turn is used (even when there is no implication of uniqueness) E.g.: - Jenny started out as a music student before she turned linguist.

2/24 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference Means of transport and communication Institutions Times of day and night Seasons Meals Illnesses

2/25 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference Institutions = nouns do not refer to actual buildings or places, but to institutions associated with them E.g.: - “to be in prison” means to be a prisoner

2/26 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference Means of transportation E.g.: travel leave communicate by bicycle bus radio post

2/27 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference = take a zero article particularly after at, by, after and before Times of day and night E.g.: at/ before dawn by day and night when day breaks after nightfall

2/28 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference Meals = as an institution recurring day by day (for specific meals: THE/ A(N)) E.g.: - She’s having lunch with her client. - That day, the lunch was served on the terrace.

2/29 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference = as seasons generally, or a particular part of a particular year (for a particular season: THE/ A(N)) Seasons E.g.: - Winter is coming. - The spring of last year was cold.

2/30 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference Illnesses Note: for well-known infectious diseases such as: THE/ A(N) E.g.: diabetes influenza pneumonia (the) flu (the mumps) (the) meals a fever a temperature a cold

2/31 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Parallel structures the same noun repeated after a preposition one noun balanced against another noun of contrasting meaning E.g.: day by day eye to eye E.g.: from father to son husband and wife

2/32 2.2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Fixed phrases Idioms = nouns with prepositions before/after Idioms = verbs with nouns and prepositions E.g.: in turn on foot E.g.: set fire to get word of

Grammatical categories of Ns
2/33 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Grammatical Categories Number Case Gender E.g.: mouse - mice box – boxes fish - fish E.g.: my sister’s car a fall of 10% E.g.: she-wolf desk mother-in-law

2/34 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Grammatical Categories Number Invariables = nouns that do not vary Variables = nouns that do vary

2/35 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Invariables Singular only Plural only Non-count Ns N-ending in “s” Substantive Adj Ns with plural meaning Pluralia tantums Collective Ns material water, oil abstract freedom news physics (abstract) the true the ugly scissors pants arms customs people cattle (concrete) the poor the blind

2/36 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Variables Regular plural Irregular plural Zero plural (N + s) - /s/ books, stops - /z/ beds, stars - /iz/ boxes, brushes - voicing /f/  /vz/ leaf – leaves - “en” ending ox – oxen - change of the root vowel tooth - teeth - foreign plural medium - media (same form for both plural & singular) sheep, deer, tout

3/1 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Case “s” genitive “of” genitive double genitive = with the nouns of higher gender class = with the nouns of lower gender class = “of” and “’s” genitives used together E.g.: a friend of her father’s E.g.: her mom’s car E.g.: the paint of the room

3/2 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Case – Genitive meaning Genitive meaning Examples Equivalents Possessive My father’s hat My father has a hat. Human relation Her sister’s nephew Her sister has a nephew. Subjective (+ original) My father’s permission The arrival of the bus My father permits. The bus arrived. Objective The criminal’s arrest Someone arrested the criminal. Descriptive Two days’ visit A visit lasts 2 days. Appositive The town of Vinh Yen Vinh Yen is a town.

3/3 3 Grammatical categories of Ns Gender = In English, there is not any further morphological feature that helps distinguish gender (unlike Russian or French) Gender Sex (semantic concept) Masculine: man (male) Feminine: woman (female) Common: teacher (both male and female) Neuter: table Ø

3/4 4 Pronouns Pronouns Features Types

4.1 Pronouns 4/1 Pronouns Main features Features Person Case Gender
Number Main features Features

Pronouns 4.1 4/2 Pronouns Features Main features
with overt gender contrast (masculine, feminine & non-personal) singular and plural form: not often morphologically related without determiners with an objective case with person distinction (1st – I/ we; 2nd – you; 3rd – he/she/it/they)

Pronouns 4.1 4/3 Pronouns Main features first person: the speaker
Case Genitive Number Main features first person: the speaker (and one or more other) second person: the interlocutor(s) third person: one/more other persons other than the Features

Pronouns 4.1 4/4 Pronouns Main features Features Person Case Genitive
Number Main features Most pronouns: two-case system (objective & subjective) Other 6 pronouns: three- case system (subjective, objective, genitive) (I, we, he, she, they, who) (me, us, him, her, them, whom) (my, our, his, her, their, whose) Features

Pronouns 4.1 4/5 Pronouns Main features with a distinction
Person Case Gender Number Main features with a distinction between masculine and feminine in 3rd person singulars: personal, reflexive, and possessive. (he - she; himself - herself; her - his ) Features

Pronouns 4.1 4/6 Pronouns Main features Features Person Case Genitive
Number Main features The 2nd person: a common form for singular & plural in the personal & possessive series, but a separate form for plural in the reflexive (you – your but yourself - yourselves) Features

Universal ProNs & determiners
4/7 4.2 Pronouns Pronouns Types Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Quantifying Pronouns Universal ProNs & determiners Partitive Pronouns

Pronouns 4.2 4/8 Pronouns Types
Personal Pronouns Subjective forms: (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) as Subjects and Subject complements E.g.: He is a student at this university. Objective forms: (me, you, us, them, him, her, it) as Objects and prepositional complements E.g.: I saw him with her yesterday in the park.

Pronouns 4.2 4/9 Pronouns Types
Reflexive Pronouns Include: myself, yourself(ves), ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself Objective function E.g.: He looked after himself after his wife left. Emphatic function E.g.: I myself would never love such a girl.

Pronouns 4.2 4/10 Pronouns Types include: each other, one another
Reciprocal Pronouns include: each other, one another E.g.: - Mary likes Mike and Mike likes Mary.  They like each other. - I have 3 friends. They don’t like one another.

Pronouns 4.2 4/11 Pronouns Types Determiner function
Possessive Pronouns Determiner function (my, your, our, their, his, her, its) E.g.: This is my friend. Nominal function (mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its) E.g.: This friend is mine.

Pronouns 4.2 4/12 Pronouns Types Personal
Relative Pronouns Personal (who (ever), whom, whose, that) E.g.: Whoever comes here needs an ID card. Non-personal (which(ever), whose, that, what(ever)) E.g.: Whose is this book?

Interrogative Pronouns
4/13 4.2 Pronouns Pronouns Types Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative determiners - personal: whose - personal/non-personal: which, that Interrogative pronouns - personal: who, whom, whose - non-personal: what - personal/non-personal: which

Demonstrative Pronouns
4/14 4.2 Pronouns Pronouns Types Demonstrative Pronouns Singular (this, that) Plural (these, those)

Pronouns 4.2 4/15 Pronouns Types Numeral “one”
E.g.: One went this way, the other that way. Replacive “one” E.g.: I’d like a drink, but just a small one. Indefinite “one” E.g.: One can’t be too careful, can one/you? Cardinals/ordinals (one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.) E.g.: He has two wives. The first is so ugly. Quantifying Pronouns

Universal ProNs & determiners
4/16 4.2 Pronouns Pronouns Types Universal ProNs & determiners Include: each, all, every, and “every” compounds (everything, everyone, etc.) E.g.: Each of the students should have his own books.

4.2 Pronouns 4/17 Pronouns Assertive ProNs: someone/body, something,
somewhere, some (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: Somebody has turned on the light. Non-assertive ProNs: anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, either, any (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: - Have you got anything to eat now? - Have you got any paper? I need some. Negative ProNs: no one/body, nowhere, neither, none, no (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: None of them were absent. Types Partitive Pronouns

Homework Workbook exercises 45, 48-65

E_English Grammar Course

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