1. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

2. Human Development
is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Development includes growth and decline. This means that development can be positive or negative.

3. Growth
refers to the increase in mass and size of a body or organs. It typically occurs through the multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance.

4. Maturation
is a stage of completion of growth and strengthening of acquired mental, social and emotional development. Maturation is essentially a process of refinement and modification from within and inborn ripening and progress of capacities of the organism. Maturation is an essential precondition of learning.

5. PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Principle # 1. Development is Continuous:
The process of growth and development continues from the conception till the individual reaches maturity.
Principle # 2. Development is Gradual:
It does not come all on a sudden. It is also cumulative in nature.

6. Principle # 3. Development is Sequential:
Every species, whether animal or human, follows a pattern of development peculiar to it.
Principle # 4. Rate of Development Varies Person to Person:
Rate of development is not uniform. Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development.
Principle # 5. Development Proceeds from General to Specific:
Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity.

7. Principle # 6. Most Traits are Correlated in Development:
Generally, it is seen that the child whose mental development is above average, is also superior in so many other aspects like health, sociability and special aptitudes.
Principle # 7. Growth and Development is a Product of Both Heredity and Environment:
Development is influenced by both heredity and environment. Both are responsible for human growth and development.

8. Principle # 8. Development is Predictable:
The difference in physiological and psychological potentialities can ‘ be predicated by observation and psychological tests.
Principle # 9. There is a Constant Interaction Between All Factors of Development:
Development in one area is highly related to development in other areas. For example, a child who has a good health can be active socially and intellectually.

9. Middle and Late Childhood
THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN HUMAN LIFE
Pre – natal period
4-8 week embryo
Infancy
From birth to 2 years
Early Childhood
2 to 5 years old
Middle and Late Childhood
6 to 12 years old
Adolescence
13 to 18 years
Early Adulthood
19 to 29 years
Middle Adulthood
30 to 60 years
Late Adulthood
61 years and above

10. Developed by Robert Havighurst
13-18 years old
19-29 years old
Developed by Robert Havighurst

11. Activity 1: Knowledge Check – The Stages of Development

12. Which statements below best describes development?
A high school student's height increased by 5'2" to 5’4”
A high school student's change in weight from 110 lbs. to 125 lbs.
A student had learned to operate the computer
A student's enlargement of hips

13. Dr. Flores, the school physician conducted a physical examination in Ms. Isabel’s class. What concept best describes the quantitative increase observed by Dr. Flores among learners in terms of height and weight?
Development
Growth
Learning
Maturation

14. What concept can best describe Francisco’s ability to walk without a support at age of 12 months because of the “internal ripening” that occurred in his muscles, bones and nervous system development?
a. Development b. Growth c. Learning d. Maturation

15. A newborn infant move his whole body at one time, instead of moving a part of it. Which of the following principles is illustrated by his behavior?
Development proceeds from specific to general.
Development proceeds from general to specific.
Development follows an orderly pattern.
Development follows a general pattern.

16. Train up a child in the way he should be; when he grows up, he will not depart from it. Which principle supports this?
Development is determined by the environment
Development is determined by his heredity
Early development is more critical than the late development
Early development is less critical than late development.

17. What age is an infant? Birth to 2 years B. Birth to 1 year
C. Birth to 9 months
D. Birth to 6 months

18. What age is adolescence?
years old
B years old
C years old
D years old

19. What age is early childhood?
2 - 4 years old
B years old
C years old
D years old

20. What age is early adulthood?
A years old
B years old
C years old
D years old

21. What age is middle and late childhood?
A years old
B years old
C years old
D years old

22. What age is middle adulthood?
A years old
B years old
C years old
D years old

23. What age is late adulthood?
A. 61 years and above
B. 51 years and above
C. 71 years and above
D. 81 years and above

24. The developmental task model was developed by ____
A. Erik Erikson
B. Robert Havighurst
C. Sigmund Freud
D. John Havighurst

25. A seven-year-old who is learning to make friends is in:
A. Later maturity
B. Early childhood
C. Middle adulthood
D. Middle childhood

26. In which developmental tasks stage do people adjust to retirement and reduced income?
A. Middle Adulthood
B. Early Adulthood
C. Later Maturity
D. Adolescence

27. Which of the following developmental tasks is associated with Adolescence Stage?
A. Achieving masculine or feminine social role
B. Selecting a mate
C. Readiness for reading
D. Relating to one's spouse as a person

28. "Learning to get along with age-mates" is part of what developmental stage?
A. Middle Adulthood
B. Middle Childhood
C. Early Adulthood
D. Adolescence

29. PYCHOANALYT IC THEORY

30.  Sigmund Freud describes thumb-sucking as "rhythmic repetition of a sucking contact by the mouth (or lips).Sucking itself is defined as a sexual autoerotic pleasure, "as a sample of the sexual manifestations of childhood"

31. FREUD’S PYSCHOANALYTIC THEORY
The theory encompasses the idea that all people have unconscious thoughts, memories, emotions, and desires, and that therapy should be used to access the mind's repressed feelings and experiences. Only then will the patient experience cathartic healing of the mind.

35. FREUD’S STAGES OF PYSCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

36. Activity 2: Knowledge Check – The Psycho – Analytic Theory

37. Mr. Francisco was very much worried about the thumb sucking of his son
Mr. Francisco was very much worried about the thumb sucking of his son. A friend of him says that certain behavior among infants. Who presented that notion that certain behavior like thumb-sucking is normal behavior?
A. Sigmund Freud
b. Erick Ericson
c. John Bowlly
d. Urie Bronfrenbenner

38. The component of personality that operates according to the reality principle is the ________.
Conscious
Superego
Ego Id

39. The thoughts, memories, and desires you have that you do not realize you have are in your__________ awareness.
a. Superego 
b. Preconscious
c. Conscious
d. Unconscious

40. According to Freud, which of the following is entirely unconscious?
a. The self
b. The id
c. The superego
d. The ego

41. It is the moral principle of the Freudian personality structure.
a. Id
b. Ego Ideal
c. Conscious
d. Superego

42. Which state of the psycho-sexual theory does young boys experience rivalry with their father for their mother’s attention and affection?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency

43. Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the child's fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus.
a. Latency period
b. Genital period 
c. Anal stage
d. Phallic Stage

44. It is an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which may result in the production of erotic sensations or sexual excitement.
a. Erogenous zone
b. Libido
c. Fixation
d. Personality

45. a. Id b. Ego c. Conscious d. Superego
Mark is taking a high-stakes university exam and is sitting next to the smartest student in the class. Mark can clearly see his classmate's responses but refrains from copying the answers. Which of the following is affecting Mark's behavior?
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Conscious
d. Superego

46. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Sigmund Freud?
a. Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
b. Anal stage, oral stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
c. Oral stage, anal stage, genital stage, latency stage, phallic stage
d. Anal stage, oral stage, genital stage, latency stage, phallic stage

47. PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

48. Schema
- Piaget used the term “schema” to refer to the cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their environment. It is an individuals way to understand or create meaning about a thing or experience.

49. Assimilation
- process of fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema.

50. Accommodation Equilibration - process of creating a new schema.
- is achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.

51. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

52. Activity 3: Knowledge Check – Piaget’s Stages Of Development

53. A schema is a:
a. Category of knowledge that allows us to interpret and understand the world.
b. Process of taking in new information
c. Process of balancing old knowledge and new information
d. None of the above

54. The process of taking in new information and adding it to what the child already knows is called __________
a. accommodation
b. schemata
c. assimilation
d. equilibration

55. Janie knows that a bird has wings and can fly
Janie knows that a bird has wings and can fly. While camping she finds a bat and thinks it's a bird but realizes that it doesn't act the same way as a bird. She is confused. She is using what adaptation process with this new knowledge?
a. Cognition
b. Schema
c. Assimilation
d. Accommodation

56. How many stages are in Piaget's theory?
A. 5 Stages
B. 4 Stages
C. 9 Stages
D. 6 Stages

57. The first stage of development is the _____ stage.
A. accommodation
B. adaptation
C. assimilation
D. sensorimotor

58. The ability to use deductive logic, think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:
A. Concrete Operational Stage
B. Sensorimotor Stage
C. Formal Operational Stage
D. Preoperational Stage

59. Which cognitive development describes children who are beginning to think symbolically and incorporate pretend play?
A. Preoperational Stage
B. Sensorimotor Stage
C. Formal Operational Stage
D. Concrete Operational Stage

60. Animism is present in which stage?
A. Sensori-Motor stage
B. Pre-Operational stage
C. Concrete Operational stage
D. Formal Operational stage

61. In which stage object permanence takes place?
A. Pre-Operational stage
B. Concrete Operational stage
C. Formal Operational stage
D. Sensori-Motor stage

62. Egocentrism present in which stage?
A. Formal Operation stage
B. Concrete Operational stage
C. Pre-Operational stage
D. Sensori-Motor stage

63. This stage is where a child can think logically but only in terms of concrete objects.
A. Concrete - Operational Stage
B. Formal Operational Stage
C. Sensorimotor stage
D. Pre-operational stage

64. PSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

66. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers.
Outcomes:
During the first stage of psychosocial development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

67. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.
The Role of Independence
Potty Training
Outcomes:
Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits.

68. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years. At this point in psychosocial development, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.
Outcomes:
When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as purpose emerges.

69. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
The fourth psychosocial stage takes place during the early school years from approximately ages 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
Outcomes:
Successfully finding a balance at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the strength known as competence, in which children develop a belief in their abilities to handle the tasks set before them.

70. Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
The fifth psychosocial stage takes place during the often turbulent teenage years. This stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity which will continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person's life. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Why Identity Is Important?
Our personal identity gives each of us an integrated and cohesive sense of self that endures through our lives. Our sense of personal identity is shaped by our experiences and interactions with others, and it is this identity that helps guide our actions, beliefs, and behaviors as we age.

71. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.
Outcomes:
Successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people.

72. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.

73. Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
The final psychosocial stage occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. At this point in development, people look back on the events of their lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the things they did or didn't do.
Outcomes:
Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.

74. Activity 4: Knowledge Check – PSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

75. He is best known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis.
A. Lev Vygotsky
B. Albert Bandura
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
D. Erik Erikson

76. Which is an example of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?
A. A teenager trying out new fashions and hairstyles
B. A middle-schooler completing a challenging math assignment
C. A preschooler insisting on picking out her own clothes, no matter how mismatched they are

77. The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:
A. Initiative vs. Guilt
B. Trust vs. Mistrust
C. Identity vs. Role Confusion

78. B. Industry vs Inferiority C. Identity vs Role Confusion
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, which stage describes a child who needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence?
Initiative vs Guilt
B. Industry vs Inferiority
C. Identity vs Role Confusion

79. Generativity vs Stagnation B. Ego Integrity vs Despair
A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to be:
Generativity vs Stagnation
B. Ego Integrity vs Despair
C. Industry vs Inferiority

80. Preschoolers (ages 3-6) go through what stage?
Shame vs Doubt
B. Ego vs Identity
C. Initiative vs Guilt

81. When a child is constantly told by their parents that they cannot do something, this is a negative outcome of which stage of development
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Doubt
B. Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
C. Stage 4. Industry v Inferiority

82. A teenager joining a jazz band would be an example of what psychosocial stage?
Trust v Mistrust
B. Identity v confusion
C. Initiative v guilt

83. Which is an example of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?
A. A preschooler insisting on picking out her own clothes, no matter how mismatched they are
B. An infant chewing on a teething toy
C. A middle-schooler completing a challenging math assignment

84. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
feeling competent
forming an identity
forming intimate relationships

85. Identity vs. Role Confusion Initiative vs. Guilt
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, the stage in which a child needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence is the ____ stage.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority

86. SOCIO – CULTURAL THEORY

87. Sociocultural theory stresses the role that social interaction plays in psychological development. It suggests that human learning is largely a social process, with our cognitive functions being formed based on our interactions with those around us who are "more skilled."

88. Vygotsky vs. Piaget: Key Differences
Vygotsky's Theory
Piaget's Theory
More social in focus
Did not propose stages but emphasized on cultural factors in cognitive development
More individual in focus
Believed that there are universal stages of cognitive development
Stressed the role of language in cognitive development
Did not give much emphasis on language

89. The Zone of Proximal Development

90. SCAFFOLDING
The support or assistance that lets the child accomplish a task he cannot accomplish independently.

91. Activity 4: Knowledge Check – SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY

92. He believes that parents, relatives, peers and society all have an important role in forming higher levels of functioning.
A. Lev Vygotsky
B. Albert Bandura
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
D. Erik Erikson

93. Lev Vygotsky has included the ________ factors involved in the cognitive development of the child
Teacher Interaction
Peer Interaction
Social Interaction
Parent Interaction

94. MKO refers to someone who has greater knowledge and skills than students which can help them to learn and understand the material. Which are the examples of MKO? 
Teachers
Peers
Older Siblings
All of the above

95. There are 3 steps process to apply ZPD : 1
There are 3 steps process to apply ZPD : 1. Identify what a student already knows. 2. Build knowledge through scaffolding. 3. Help students connect their new learning to their prior knowledge.
True
B. False

96. A child is struggling to learn how to read
A child is struggling to learn how to read. By working with the student to teach how to sound out words and use other word recognition strategies, the child is able to learn to read. Which construct does the above example highlight?
A. Zone of Proximal Distant
B. Organization
C. Adaptation
D. Equilibration

97. The teacher observed that John is not able to solve a problem alone while he solves it easily when individualized support is provided to him by his teacher. In Vygotsky’s view this kind of support is called:
Generalization
Abstract Thinking
Peer Tutoring
Scaffolding

98. Questions?