1. Agriculture and Green Revolution in Pakistan

2. Agriculture Sector (Introduction)
Source of Economic Growth
Contribute 19.2% in GDP
Food Security*
Population GR is 1.8% and 5th biggest country
Employment Generation
121.1 million population in rural areas and this sector provide employment 38.5% to labor force

3. Cont. Poverty Alleviation
Supply of Raw Material and Development of Industrial Sector
Source of Foreign Exchange earnings
Great Potentials

4. Land Reforms (Agri Reforms)
Justification of land reforms
Small farms have higher yield per acre than large
Agri remained stagnant in 1950s*
Agri provides not only food grains but also foreign earnings
Slow growth created crisis in BOP and food shortage in urban areas
Redistribution of land among landless peasants.
Discourage the concentration of land in few hands
Protection of Rights of cultivators
Agri Productivity and efficiency
Reduce inequality

5. Cont. Land Reforms 1959 Ceiling on private ownership
But power of big landlord could not be reduced
Ceiling was enforced on individual not on family*
Land Reforms 1972
150 acres irrigated and 300 unirrigated land
or equivalent to 12,000 PIUs
the area resumed by Govt was only 0.6 million acre (1.9 in 1959)

6. Cont. Land Reforms Failed to alter the unequal distribution of land
Farm Mechanism and Problem of Employment
During HYV technology, rapid increase in tractors
Years
Tractors
1959
2000
1968
18909
By 1975
35714
Between 1976 to 1981
75859

7. Cont. Two Question arises
why were large size tractors introduced where 88% farms below 25 acres in size?
why did tractorization occur at all in what is commonly regarded as a “labour surplus” economy?
Distribution by size in owned holding is unequal than distribution of farm area by size of operated holding
Landowners attracted by profitability of owner cultivation (after availability of HYV technology)

9. Polarization in Rural Class Structure
Polarization occurred in size distribution of farm

10. The Growth of Capitalist Farming
Increased economic and social dependence of poor peasants
Increased Money Cost
Seeds and Animal Manure
Tractor ploughing, tube well water pesticides

11. Diversified efforts through following measures
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution means introduction of new technology in agriculture sector, in order to increase its production through different measures.
Diversified efforts through following measures
Introduction of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize
Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in many less developed countries
Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time required to disinfect the crop
Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in many countries where formerly one harvest a year was standard
New methods of rotating crops were developed which increased land productivity
Botanists have been able to breed the photosensitive genes out of plants . Making planting possible at any time of the year.

12. Stages of Green Revolution
Scientific Breakthrough
Technological Breakthrough
Production Breakthrough
Agricultural Breakthrough

13. Impact of Green Revolution
Impact on Agri Production
Type
Year
Production/income/
Wheat Production
3.7 Million tons
6.8 Million tons
Rice Production
0.9
2.1
Agri Income
7.7 Billion Rs
15.5 Billion Rs
Index of Agriculture Productivity 89 93
146
Growth Rate of Agriculture Sector
First five-year plan
Second
Third
1.8%
3.8%
6.0%

14. Factors Contributed in Agri Production
Govt Policies to provide subsidies and credit
Incentive prices were offered
enhancement of private investment in agriculture sector especially in manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery and allied equipments.
Transmission of the improved technology to the farmers through Extension Service Programs.

15. Cont. Impact on Income Distribution According to Rashid Amjad (1984)
Green Revolution increased income disparity among different income groups, landholders and farmers.
Small farmers could not move to the new technology due to certain reasons:
New technology entailed high initial cost
Important inputs especially water and seeds were monopolized by large farmers
Tube wells were only affordable by large landlords
Issuance of Credit to large farmers
Regional Disparity

16. Critics by Akmal Hussain
The term ‘Green Revolution’ refers to the adoption in the mid 1960s of the new high yielding varieties (HYV) of food grains
Three-fold increase in the output of food grains between 1967 to 1992
But it demands timely application of technology (HYV seed, fertilizers and irrigation water
economic, social and ecological consequences

17. Cont. The Green Revolution technology itself was scale neutral*
High profitability attracted large land owners
Polarization in the size distribution of farms
percentage share of both large farms (over 150 acres), and small sized farms (less than 7.5 acres) increased while that of lower medium sized farms (7.5 to 25 acres) decreased.
The evidence shows that during the period 1961 to 1973 as many as 794,042 peasants entered the category of wage labourers, which constituted 43 percent of the total agricultural labourers in Pakistan

18. Cont. growth of capitalist farming was accelerated
capitalism in agriculture was accompanied by increased social and economic dependence of the poor peasants on the landowners.
Leverage for landlords and for the peasants intensified dependence.
Income and economic inequalities

19. Reasons of GR Failure
The new HYV seeds were built on the displacement of genetic diversity and were not well adapted to the microbiology of local soils
absence of adequate soil testing facilities at farm level
Policy implementation
Even distribution of credit to all the farmers especially the weak and small was not ensured
Storage capacity was not increased
Stability in agriculture prices not be maintained.
Opportunities to reinvest the surplus in agriculture sector shrinked
Proper agro-based industry was not developed