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Agriculture and Green Revolution in Pakistan
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Agriculture Sector (Introduction)
Source of Economic Growth Contribute 19.2% in GDP Food Security* Population GR is 1.8% and 5th biggest country Employment Generation 121.1 million population in rural areas and this sector provide employment 38.5% to labor force
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Cont. Poverty Alleviation
Supply of Raw Material and Development of Industrial Sector Source of Foreign Exchange earnings Great Potentials
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Land Reforms (Agri Reforms)
Justification of land reforms Small farms have higher yield per acre than large Agri remained stagnant in 1950s* Agri provides not only food grains but also foreign earnings Slow growth created crisis in BOP and food shortage in urban areas Redistribution of land among landless peasants. Discourage the concentration of land in few hands Protection of Rights of cultivators Agri Productivity and efficiency Reduce inequality
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Cont. Land Reforms 1959 Ceiling on private ownership
But power of big landlord could not be reduced Ceiling was enforced on individual not on family* Land Reforms 1972 150 acres irrigated and 300 unirrigated land or equivalent to 12,000 PIUs the area resumed by Govt was only 0.6 million acre (1.9 in 1959)
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Cont. Land Reforms Failed to alter the unequal distribution of land
Farm Mechanism and Problem of Employment During HYV technology, rapid increase in tractors Years Tractors 1959 2000 1968 18909 By 1975 35714 Between 1976 to 1981 75859
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Cont. Two Question arises
why were large size tractors introduced where 88% farms below 25 acres in size? why did tractorization occur at all in what is commonly regarded as a “labour surplus” economy? Distribution by size in owned holding is unequal than distribution of farm area by size of operated holding Landowners attracted by profitability of owner cultivation (after availability of HYV technology)
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Polarization in Rural Class Structure
Polarization occurred in size distribution of farm
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The Growth of Capitalist Farming
Increased economic and social dependence of poor peasants Increased Money Cost Seeds and Animal Manure Tractor ploughing, tube well water pesticides
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Diversified efforts through following measures
Green Revolution The Green Revolution means introduction of new technology in agriculture sector, in order to increase its production through different measures. Diversified efforts through following measures Introduction of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in many less developed countries Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time required to disinfect the crop Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in many countries where formerly one harvest a year was standard New methods of rotating crops were developed which increased land productivity Botanists have been able to breed the photosensitive genes out of plants . Making planting possible at any time of the year.
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Stages of Green Revolution
Scientific Breakthrough Technological Breakthrough Production Breakthrough Agricultural Breakthrough
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Impact of Green Revolution
Impact on Agri Production Type Year Production/income/ Wheat Production 3.7 Million tons 6.8 Million tons Rice Production 0.9 2.1 Agri Income 7.7 Billion Rs 15.5 Billion Rs Index of Agriculture Productivity 89 93 146 Growth Rate of Agriculture Sector First five-year plan Second Third 1.8% 3.8% 6.0%
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Factors Contributed in Agri Production
Govt Policies to provide subsidies and credit Incentive prices were offered enhancement of private investment in agriculture sector especially in manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery and allied equipments. Transmission of the improved technology to the farmers through Extension Service Programs.
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Cont. Impact on Income Distribution According to Rashid Amjad (1984)
Green Revolution increased income disparity among different income groups, landholders and farmers. Small farmers could not move to the new technology due to certain reasons: New technology entailed high initial cost Important inputs especially water and seeds were monopolized by large farmers Tube wells were only affordable by large landlords Issuance of Credit to large farmers Regional Disparity
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Critics by Akmal Hussain
The term ‘Green Revolution’ refers to the adoption in the mid 1960s of the new high yielding varieties (HYV) of food grains Three-fold increase in the output of food grains between 1967 to 1992 But it demands timely application of technology (HYV seed, fertilizers and irrigation water economic, social and ecological consequences
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Cont. The Green Revolution technology itself was scale neutral*
High profitability attracted large land owners Polarization in the size distribution of farms percentage share of both large farms (over 150 acres), and small sized farms (less than 7.5 acres) increased while that of lower medium sized farms (7.5 to 25 acres) decreased. The evidence shows that during the period 1961 to 1973 as many as 794,042 peasants entered the category of wage labourers, which constituted 43 percent of the total agricultural labourers in Pakistan
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Cont. growth of capitalist farming was accelerated
capitalism in agriculture was accompanied by increased social and economic dependence of the poor peasants on the landowners. Leverage for landlords and for the peasants intensified dependence. Income and economic inequalities
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Reasons of GR Failure The new HYV seeds were built on the displacement of genetic diversity and were not well adapted to the microbiology of local soils absence of adequate soil testing facilities at farm level Policy implementation Even distribution of credit to all the farmers especially the weak and small was not ensured Storage capacity was not increased Stability in agriculture prices not be maintained. Opportunities to reinvest the surplus in agriculture sector shrinked Proper agro-based industry was not developed
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