1. Bio-Mechanics By Dr. Waleed M. AL-Talabi University of Science and Technology Biomedical Engineering 2 nd Level 2021

2. Topics Course Outlines Introduction to the Course Biomechanics Definitions History of Biomechanics Types of Biomechanics Basic Terms of Biomechanics Importance of Biomechanics 3/11/20212

3. Course Outlines Introduction to Biomechanics1 Musculoskeletal Statics1 Mechanics of Hard Tissues3 Mechanics of Soft Tissues3 Static Equilibrium2 Friction1 Mechanics of Cardiovascular System2 Fluid Mechanics1 3/11/20213 Topics# of Lec.

4. Assessment No.Assessment Tasks Week dueMarksProportion of final Assessment 1H.W. /Tasks/ Assignments 4,7,111515% 2Quiz 1322% 3Midterm Exam 82020% 4Quiz 21033% 5Final Exam166060% Total100100% 3/11/20214

5. Textbooks 1- “Fundamentals of Biomechanics Equilibrium, Motion, and Deformation”, Nihat Özkaya, Dawn Leger, David Goldsheyder and Margareta Nordin, 4 th Ed, 2017. 2- “Introductory Biomechanics From Cells to Organisms”, C. Ross Ethier and Craig A. Simmons, 2007. 3- “Fundamentals of Biomechanics”, Duane Knudson, 2 nd Ed., 2007. 3/11/20215

6. The Course Goal biomechanicsThe aim of this course to expose the students to the principles and applications of biomechanics. 3/11/20216

7. Introduction to the Course 3/11/20217 Mechanics Bio-Mechanics Study of physical actions and forces. The research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. mechanicsorganisms

8. Introduction 3/11/20218 Mechanics/ Biomechanics Rigid Body Deformable Body FluidFluid LiquidsLiquidsGasesGases ElasticityElasticityPlasticityPlasticityViscoelasticityViscoelasticityStaticsStaticsDynamicsDynamics KineticsKineticsKinematicsKinematics

9. Definitions of Biomechanics biomechanicsIn general, biomechanics is concerned with the application of classical mechanics to various biological problems. 3/11/20219

10. Definitions of Biomechanics A field that combines the disciplines of biology and engineering mechanics and utilizes the tools of physics, mathematics, and engineering to quantitatively or qualitatively describe the properties of biological materials. 3/11/202110

11. Definitions of Biomechanics The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. The principles of engineering, specifically mechanics, applied to human movement. The application of mechanical laws to living structures. 3/11/202111

12. History of Biomechanics 650 B.C – 200 A.D650 B.C – 200 A.D Histories of sciences usually begin with the ancient GreeksHistories of sciences usually begin with the ancient Greeks Knowledge and myth were separated developing what we would call today “true scientific inquiry”Knowledge and myth were separated developing what we would call today “true scientific inquiry” Observation to develop theoriesObservation to develop theories 3/11/202112

13. History of Biomechanics 384 – 322 B.C)Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C)  “Father of Kinesiology”  His book “About the movement of Animals” 3/11/202113

14. History of Biomechanics 287- 212 B.C)Archimedes (287- 212 B.C)  He claimed that he would be able to move the Earth if he only had a place to stand in order to do so.  He used a close approximation for π to measure volumes and areas of solids  He established and  He established statics and hydrostatics 3/11/202114

15. History of Biomechanics 131- 201 A.D)Galen (131- 201 A.D)  First “sport physician” and “team doctor” in history – “Father of Sports Medicine”.  “On the function of the parts” – first text on physiology.  Distinguished between skeletal muscles and muscle parts, such as the heart and the stomach. 3/11/202115

16. History of Biomechanics Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  He focused on experimentation (Telescope).  Mechanical aspects of bone structure and allometry.  Provided Foundation for Newton’s 3 laws.  Theory of uniform motion, projectiles, inclined plane, and he defined momentum. 3/11/202116

17. History of Biomechanics Rene Descartes  Cartesian Coordinate System.  One of the first to use a mathematical approach to analyzing mechanics & applied it to the human body. 3/11/202117

18. History of Biomechanics Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)  Discovered forces required for equilibrium in various joints of the body before Newton developed his laws.  Determined human’s COG (The Center of Gravity).  Calculated inspiration and expiration volumes.  One of the first men to understand that the levers of the musculoskeletal system magnify motion rather than force. 3/11/202118

19. History of Biomechanics Isaac Newton  Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.  Book I: Science & mechanics 3 Laws (Inertia, acceleration, & action-reaction)  Book II: New scientific philosophies Descartes & Kepler  Book III: Applications of his dynamics Law of gravitation 3/11/202119

20. History of Biomechanics Daniel Bernoulli 1700 – 1782  Family of mathematicians  Hydrodynamics  Bernoulli’s principle 3/11/202120

21. History of Biomechanics Kinesiology Era vs. Biomechanics Era  Kinesiology Era “…Spans the first 6 decades of the 20 th Century and represents the infancy of biomechanics” Kinesiology comes from two Greek verbs that translated literally means “the study of movement.”  Biomechanics Era Begins in the 1960’s to the present. Biomechanics begins to branch away from Kinesiology and become its own discipline. Graduate programs begin in universities and creation of scholarly societies. New research and development. 3/11/202121

22. History of Biomechanics Biomechanics Era: Research/Instrumentation  Most important: incorporation of the digital computer to collection and analysis of biomechanical data.  1970’s: primary focus was instrumentation Cinematography: design of the LoCam 16-mm motion picture camera which permitted film rates up to 500 frames per second. Allowed for accuracy of frame rate and small enough to take into the field for on-site research. Kistler force plate to measure forces. 3D cinematography: more realistic. Electronic digitizer. 3/11/202122

23. History of Biomechanics Biomechanics Era: Research/Instrumentation  1980’s  1980’s: data analysis systems that permit the automatic tracking of reflective markers placed on the body New systems for measuring pressure distribution between the foot and shoe have advanced research in kinetics. 3/11/202123

24. HISTORY OF BIOMECHANICS 3/11/202124

25. Types of Biomechanics Biomechanists use the principles of mechanics in the analysis of human movement to answer questions such as: 1. How can human performance be enhanced? 2. How can injuries be prevented? 3. How can rehabilitation from injury be expedited? 3/11/202125

26. Types of Biomechanics Orthopedic: Growth, Damage, and Healing of Bones, Joints, Spine, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments... Artificial limbs, joints, and orthoses to improve functional movement capacity. Gait and Falls 3/11/202126

27. Types of Biomechanics Occupational Occupational: Ergonomics and human factors reduction of workplace injuries. (Lower Back Pain) Cardiovascular Cardiovascular: Cardiac assist devices, blood flow. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation: Assistive technology. Nature Nature: Plants, Animals. 3/11/202127

28. Types of Biomechanics Exercise and sport biomechanics Improving athletic performance, Reduction of athletic injuries. By understanding and applying mechanical concepts, sports biomechanists assess the most optimal way to move the body in order to achieve maximal performance, whilst minimizing risk of injury. 3/11/202128

29. Types of Biomechanics Clinical Biomechanics Clinical biomechanists analyze the mechanics of injured patients and provide feedback (biofeedback) to restore normal function. Biomechanics of other biological systems Comparative biomechanics (e.g., swimming in fish, locomotion in apes). Equine (horse) and canine (dog) racing performance. 3/11/202129

30. Basic Terms Mechanics: is a branch of physics that is concerned with the motion and deformation of bodies that are acted on by mechanical disturbances called forces. Statics: is the study of forces on rigid bodies at rest or moving with a constant velocity. (The study of equilibrium or balance) Dynamics: deals with bodies in motion. (The study of disequilibrium) 3/11/202130

31. Basic Terms Rigid body: is one that cannot be deformed. Elastic body: is defined as one in which all deformations are recoverable upon removal of external forces. Plastic body: undergoes permanent (unrecoverable) deformations. Viscosity: is a fluid property which is a quantitative measure of resistance to flow. 3/11/202131

32. Basic Terms Kinematics: is a branch of dynamics that deals with the geometry and time-dependent aspects of motion without considering the forces causing the motion. (Study of the variables that describe or quantify motion (e.g, how fast, how high, etc. such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration)) Kinetics: is based on kinematics, and it includes the effects of forces and masses in the analysis. (Study of the variables that cause or influence motion (Forces, Torques, Mass )) 3/11/202132

33. Basic Terms Length: is a concept for describing size quantitatively. Time: is a concept for ordering the flow of events. Mass: is the property of all matter and is the quantitative measure of inertia. Inertia: is the resistance to the change in motion of matter. Inertia can also be defined as the ability of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion. 3/11/202133

34. Basic Terms Force: –is the mechanical disturbance or load. –is the action of one body on another. –the force applied on a body which causes the body to move, deform, or both. Moment or torque: is the quantitative measure of the rotational, bending or twisting action of a force applied on a body. 3/11/202134

35. Basic Terms Velocity: –is defined as the time rate of change of position. –The time rate of increase of velocity, on the other hand, is termed acceleration. 3/11/202135

36. Importance of Biomechanics The development of the field of biomechanics has improved our understanding of many things, including  normal and pathological situations,  mechanics of neuromuscular control,  mechanics of blood flow in the microcirculation,  mechanics of air flow in the lung, and  mechanics of growth and form. 3/11/202136

37. Importance of Biomechanics  contributed to the development of medical diagnostic and treatment procedures.  provided the means for designing and manufacturing medical equipment, devices, and instruments, assistive technology devices for people with disabilities, and artificial replacements and implants.  suggested the means for improving human performance in the workplace and in athletic competition. 3/11/202137

38. Thank You Questions Bio-Mechanics

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