1. Beyond Human, or Just Really Amazing?

2. Biomechanics “the application of the principles of physics to the analysis of movement” Exercise Science, Ted Temertzoglou 2003 We might think of biomechanics as the “physics of human movement”

3. Biomechanics  Examines the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces  Aids in technique analysis and the development of innovative equipment designs  Draws on knowledge from sports medicine, physical therapy, kinesiology, and biomechanical engineering

4. They all fall under the following 4 categories Stability Maximum Effort Linear Motion Angular Motion The 7 Basic Principles of Biomechanics

5. The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more stability increases. Principle 1 – Stability

6. The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task’s objective. Principle 2 – Maximum Force

7. The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest. Principle 3 – Maximum Velocity

8. The greater the applied impulse the greater the increase in velocity. Principle 4 – Linear Motion

9. Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force. Principle 5 – Linear Motion

10. angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque. The application of torque produces changes in angular motion. Principle 6 – Angular Motion

11. angular momentum is consistent when an athlete or object is free in the air. Once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with a constant angular motion. Principle 7 – Angular Momentum

12. Planes – Sagital – Frontal, Coronal – Transverse Axis – Horizontal – Antereoposterior (Frontal) – Longitudinal (Vertical) Review of Movements from Anatomy

13. Motion Kinematics – describing movements with respect to time and space Kinetics – examines the forces that produce the movement and result from the movement

14. Kinematics Variables Time: temporal characteristics of a performance, either of the total skill or its phases Displacement: length and direction of the path an athlete takes from start to finish Angular Displacement: direction of, and smallest angular change between, the rotating body’s initial and final position Velocity: displacement per unit of time Angular Velocity: angular displacement per unit of time Acceleration: rate of change of velocity Angular Acceleration: angular velocity per unit of time

15. Kinetics Study of Motion Internal Forces:  generated by muscles pulling via their tendons on bones, and to bone-on-bone forces exerted across joint surfaces External Forces:  acting from without, such as the force of gravity or the force from any body contact with the ground, environment, sport equipment, or opponent  Focuses on the various forces that are associated with a movement

16. Qualitative Analyses It requires:  A framework within which skilled performance can be observed  A set of principles with which movement can be analyzed  A checklist to use when identifying errors  Techniques to use for error detection and correction  Involves obtaining information, visually or auditory, to assess performance to assess performance

17. Quantitative Biomechanics Involves measurement of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize performance

18. Measuring Human Motion Use the handout to plot a graph of the movement involved in kicking a soccer ball. This process involves QUANTIFYING human movement for analysis!

19. Human Body Models Particle Model:  Used when the object of interest (the human body or an object) is airborne after being thrown, struck, or kicked Stick Figure Model:  Used when the object is in contact with its environment Rigid Segment Model:  Used for more sophisticated quantitative analyses

20. Three models used to represent the diver Particle Model Stick Figure Model Rigid Segment Model

21. Particle Model The drawing consists of a single point, representing the body’s centre of mass The body is isolated from its surroundings The only external forces acting on the body are gravity and air resistance Limited to bodies that are in flight (projectile motion)

22. Types of Motion Linear motion Angular motion General motion

23.  Translation refers to movement of the body as a unit without individual segment parts of the body moving relative to one another  Linear Motion When all parts of the body move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time  Rectilinear motion occurs when movement follows a straight line  Curvilinear motion occurs when the movement path is curved but also linear Types of Motion

24.  Identify the external forces acting on the human body  Describe the resulting motion  Describe the expected path and motion of any projectile  Differentiate between similar skills  Determine the degree of stability possessed by an athlete  Understand the causes and effects of actions  Qualitatively analyze simple sport skills that involve throwing, striking, or hitting an object Objectives of Analyzing Human Motion:

25. Step 1  Identify the system to be studied, which is to separate the object of interest from its surroundings Step 2  Identify the frame of reference in which the movement takes place Step 3  Identify the type of motion that is occurring, the body planes in which movement takes place (sagittal, frontal, or transverse), and  Identify the axes of rotation about which rotational motion occurs (sagittal, frontal, or vertical) Preliminary Steps for Analyzing Human Motion