1. Canadian Confederation

2. French Indian War Britain takes over French speaking areas of Canada
Creates Canadian Colonies
Include French Speaking Quebec and Montreal

3. CANADA AND THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION, 1837-1867
ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE EVOLUTIONARY, NOT REVOLUTIONARY
DISAPPROVED OF REPUBLICAN VALUES OF U.S. AND PREFERRED BRITISH CROWN
QUEBEC CONCERNED OF ASSIMILATION TO U.S.
CONFEDERATION ACHIEVED ON 7/1/1867

5. William Lyon Mackenzie
Rebellions of 1837
Upper Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie
The Reformers
Vs. Family Compact
Lower Canada
Louis Joseph Papineau
The Patriots
Vs. Chateau Clique
Protesting against the Oligarchies control
Desired a Responsible Government
Governor did not have to listen to the elected Assembly
Wanted less Church control of land
Assembly had to approve taxes or no collection would occur
All Rebellions are eventually controlled by British military

6. Rebellions of 1837 pt.2
Many loyalists and farmers emigrated to Canada after War of Independence
•The “Family Compact”-the dominate elite, opposed changes that could undermine privileged status
The Constitution Act of 1791 was the issue- established colonial government

7. THE REBELLION OF UPPER CANADA 1837-1838
Rejected the control by the Family Compact
William Lyon MacKenzie led the rebellion
Fled to Navy Island and declared “The Republic of Canada”

8. THE REBELLION OF LOWER CANADA
French speaking region led by Louis Papineau
Separated politically from Upper Canada- French/ English split became entrenched
THE DURHAM REPORT
British Government was distressed by rebellions
Fact finding mission by Lord Durham

10. Lord Durham
sent by Parliament the Canada's in 1838 to investigate the causes of the rebellions and to find a solution
Fearful of losing more colonies (USA)

11. White Board
What was one recommendation of Durham?

12. Durham Report 1839 Findings
Lord Durham referred to French as inferior to the English and "as a people with no history and no literature".
It was a war based on race, not on principles. In his opinion, Canada was a land of two hostile groups: the French and the English.
Unite Upper and Lower Canada to make the French a minority
Assimilate or anglicize the French majority in Lower Canada
Grant Responsible Government

13. British Issue Act of Union 1840
The act United Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada.
It gave the united colony one legislative assembly with 42 elected members from Canada West, formerly Upper Canada, and 42 elected members from Canada East, formerly Lower Canada
combined the debts
made English the only official language in the assembly.

15. General Causes of Confederation
Changing British Attitudes:
By the 1860s Britain had redirected its focus regarding the Empire.
While still committed to imperial greatness, the emphasis shifted from military strength to trade and profit.

16. General Causes of Confederation
The U.S. Civil War:
Britain claimed neutrality during the American Civil War ( )
Reality: demonstrated implicit sympathy for the Southern Confederacy.
RESULT: angry U.S. government concerned Canadian political leaders.

17. Treaty of Reciprocity 1854 This treaty eliminated customs tariffs.
This treaty eliminated customs tariffs. The agreement also governed the rights of American and British North American fishermen, raw materials, and agricultural commodities.
Governor Elgin signed a reciprocity treaty with the United States on June 5, 1854.

18. General Causes of Confederation
Trade Issues:
Britain ended their policy of providing the colonies with protective tariffs.
GB wanted to increase trade around the world
Treaty of Reciprocity would be canceled between US and GB Tension over Civil War
An Independent Canada could create better trade deals with US

19. General Causes of Confederation
The Railway:
The emergence of railways bridged the gap across Canada’s massive geography. Railways brought a sense of inter-connectedness and carried the possibilities of Confederation to the forefront.

20. The Charlottetown Conference
1864, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI were contemplating the possibility of Maritime Union.
This interest sparked the Charlottetown Conference.
Representatives concluded that the idea of a British North America union warranted discussion.

21. The Charlottetown Conference
proposed the foundations for a new country
preservation of ties with Great Britain
residual jurisdiction left to a central authority
Bicameral or unicameral federal legislature
Based on province or on population
responsible government at the federal and provincial levels
appointment of a governor general by the British Crown.

22. White Board
What major meeting in US history can this be compared to and why?

23. Conflict with Martime Provinces Prince Edward Island, , Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland
Maritime Provinces pressed for as much equality as possible in the senate (smaller populations)
PEI- opposed representation by population in Fed Parliament

24. The Quebec Conference 1864
delegates met with representatives Develop plans for Unification.
Created the 72 Resolutions Basis of confederation- Basis of how Canada would be run

25. Compromises at Quebec
Bi Cameral parliament- House of Commons(population) & Senate(equal representation per province
Split Canada's
Canada West-Ontario
Canada East-Quebec
Preservation of French Speaking Canada
Approved by the Catholic Church

26. White Board
Chose one of the compromises and what province it would help most.

27. Problems of Confederation
PEI and Newfoundland did not join confederation
Many feared heavier taxes to support a Fed Gov
Smaller provinces feared being politically dominated by larger ones

28. The London Conference
1866, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had all passed union resolutions.
produced the text of the British North America Act,
designation of ‘dominion of Britain.’

30. The British North America Act
Bill passed through the House of Lords and the House of Commons and received the Royal Assent on March 29, 1867.
Canada official became a unified nation on July 1, 1867.
Signed by Queen Victoria

31. Key points BNA
Fed system of government balance of powers between national Gov and Provincial legislature
Fed Gov Bicameral House of Commons & Senate
Provinces had single legislative house
Canada would have 2 official languages
Canada would have a Prime Minister
Goal to Build a transcontinental RR
Still be connected to the British Crown

32. Discuss
How is this similar to our government and how is it different.

34. Order of Confederation
The Canadian provinces and territories joined Confederation in the following order.
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick -1867, Manitoba, Northwest Territories , British Columbia – 1871, P.E.I. – 1873, Yukon – 1898, Alberta, Saskatchewan – 1905, Newfoundland – 1949, Nunavut – 1999.