1. The Human Reproductive System

2. The Male Reproductive System
Function of the Male Reproduction System
Production of sperm (male reproductive cells).
Transfer of sperm to the female’s body during sexual intercourse.

3. The Male Reproductive System
Testosterone
The male sex hormone, produced in the testes, which initiates physical changes (secondary sex characteristics), including
Broadening of the shoulders
Development of muscles
Facial and other body hair
Deepening of the voice
It also causes sperm production

4. The Male Reproductive System
External Organs
Testes
Two small glands that produce sperm at a rate of 100 million per day.
Males continue to produce sperm throughout their lifetime.

5. The Male Reproductive System
2. Scrotum
The sac that protects sperm by keeping the testes at a temperature slightly below the normal body temperature of 98.6 °F

6. The Male Reproductive System
If body temperature rises, the muscles of the scrotum relax, lowering the testes away from the body. If body temperature drops, the muscles contract, pulling the testes closer to the body.
Any clothing or other restraint that holds the testes too close to the body can interfere with sperm production.

7. The Male Reproductive System
Penis
Tube-shaped organ, composed of spongy tissue containing many blood vessels, attached to the trunk of the body just above the testes.

8. The Male Reproductive System
When blood flow to the penis increases, it becomes enlarged and erect . This normal body function is called an erection.

9. The Male Reproductive System
The penis releases semen, a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system

10. The Male Reproductive System
At the height of sexual arousal, a series of muscular contractions known as ejaculation may occur.
Fertilization (the joining of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell) can result if ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse.

11. The Male Reproductive System
At birth a male has a covering of loose skin, called the foreskin, over the tip of the penis.
Some parents choose circumcision (the surgical removal of the foreskin) for their male children.
It is often performed for cultural or religious reasons, but is not considered medically necessary today.

12. The Male Reproductive System
Internal Organs
Epididymis
The tubes in each testes join the epididymis, a larger coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.

13. The Male Reproductive System
2. Vas Deferens
A pair of connecting tubes, each about 18 inches long, that lead to the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
The thick muscular walls propel the sperm forward in powerful spurts just before ejaculation.

14. The Male Reproductive System
Seminal Vesicles
Two inch long glands that are attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder.
They produce a fluid containing nutrients and mixes with sperm to make them more mobile and provide nourishment.

15. The Male Reproductive System
Prostate Gland (a small gland that surrounds the urethra) and Cowper’s Gland (located below the prostate gland) secrete fluid that mixes with the sperm-containing fluid to form semen.
Fluid from the Cowper’s glands also neutralizes the acid content before semen is ejaculated.

16. The Male Reproductive System
Urethra
The passageway through which both semen and urine leave the body.
Semen and urine do not pass through the urethra at the same time. A muscle near the bladder contracts, preventing urine from entering the urethra when semen is present.

17. The Male Reproductive System
Sperm
Each sperm cell is made up of 3 parts
The head contains the genetic material from the male and is surrounded by the acrosome, a gel that helps it penetrate the outer layer of the female egg cell.
The midpiece is the “motor” that supplies the energy.
The tail helps propel the sperm forward.

18. The Male Reproductive System
When the sperm cell reaches egg cell, the acrosome dissolves the outer jelly layer providing a passageway for the sperm cell.
Once one sperm cell penetrates the egg cell and releases it’s genetic material, the egg cell hardens to prevent further sperm cells from penetrating the cell.

19. The Male Reproductive System
Care of the Male Reproductive System
Get regular check-ups by a physician every months.
Shower or bathe daily, thoroughly cleansing the penis and scrotum. Uncircumcised males should take care to wash under the foreskin.
Use a protective cup or supporter during physical activities to shield external reproductive organs
Perform regular self-examinations of the scrotum and testicles for signs of cancer and report any changes to a physician.
Practice abstinence. Abstain from sexual activity before marriage to avoid contracting STDs.

20. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Inguinal Hernia
A separation of tissue that allows part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum. Straining the abdominal muscles or lifting heavy objects can cause a tear in this tissue.

21. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Symptoms include a lump in the groin area near the thigh, pain in the groin, or in severe case, partial or complete blockage of the intestine.
Surgery is often needed to repair the defect in the muscle wall.

22. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
2. Sterility
The inability to reproduce.
Can result from too few sperm (fewer than 20 million/ml of seminal fluid) or sperm of poor quality.

23. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
It can result from:
Environmental hazards
Exposure to x-rays or other radiation
Toxic chemicals
Lead poisoning
Hormonal imbalance
Certain medications
Use of drugs or smoking
Certain diseases
Malfunction of an internal reproductive organ

24. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
3. Enlarged Prostate Gland
Prostate gland can enlarge for reasons such as infection, a tumor, or old age.
When the gland enlarges it tends to squeeze the urethra, resulting in frequent or difficult urination.

25. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Treatments include
Special exercise to improve bladder control
Medication to shrink an enlarged prostate or relax the prostate muscle
Surgery to remove excess tissue

26. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
4. Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second highest incidence of cancer in males.
Cancer is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells

27. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Early detection is important because it can be treated if localized to the gland.
Treatment includes
Surgical removal
Radiation therapy
Hormone therapy

28. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
5. Testicular Cancer
Occurs most often between the ages of 15 and 35.
First sign is a slight enlargement of one of the testes.
There may be no pain or just a dull ache in the abdomen and groin

29. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Hard lumps, or nodules, on the testes may be a sign of cancer and should be checked by a physician.
It can be cured in 90% of cases if it is caught early.

30. The Female Reproductive System
Function of the Female Reproduction System
Stores ova (female reproductive cells).
Nourishes and protects each fertilized ovum from the beginning of pregnancy through birth.

31. The Female Reproductive System
Vagina
A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body through which sperm cells from the male enters the reproduction system.
During delivery of a baby, the vagina is known as the birth canal.

32. The Female Reproductive System
2. Ovaries
Two almond shaped female sex glands located on each side of the body in the lower abdominal area.
They house the ova and produce the female sex hormones.
Females are born with over 400,000 immature ova, the exact number of eggs that she will have throughout her lifetime.

33. The Female Reproductive System
The ovaries release one mature ovum each month in a process called ovulation.
One ovary releases a mature ovum one month, and the other ovary releases a mature ovum the next month.

34. The Female Reproductive System
3. Fallopian tube
A pair of 4” tubes with finger-like projections that draw the released ovum in and protect it.
If sperm cells introduced during sexual intercourse are present in the fallopian tube, it may unite with an ovum and fertilization occurs resulting in a cell called a zygote (fertilized egg).

35. The Female Reproductive System
Uterus
A small, muscular, pear-shaped organ
Normally about the size of a fist, but expands as fetus grows.
Once a zygote is formed, it leaves the fallopian tubes and implants on the wall of the uterus.

36. The Female Reproductive System
Ectopic Pregnancy
Occurs if a zygote implants on the walls of the fallopian tube instead of in the uterus.
It usually results in a miscarriage but can be deadly for the mother because the fallopian tube may rupture and cause massive bleeding.

37. The Female Reproductive System
Cervix
The neck of the uterus
Cervix dialates, or opens, during labor to allow the full grown fetus to travel into the birth canal.

38. The Female Reproductive System
The Female Breast
Mammary glands produce breast milk. During delivery of a baby, your brain releases a hormone that triggers the production of breast milk.
Cooper’s ligaments help support the breast

39. The Female Reproductive System
Menstruation
If the ovum does not become fertilized, the lining of the uterus breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids which pass through the cervix and vagina in a process called menstruation.

40. The Female Reproductive System
Menstruation
The menstrual flow usually lasts 3-5 days.
After the menstrual period ends, the lining of the uterus thickens again, preparing for the possibility of receiving a fertilized egg.

41. The Female Reproductive System
The menstrual cycle is the time from the beginning of one menstrual period to the onset of the next. (usually 28 days).
Ovulation occurs at approximately the 14th day of the menstrual cycle.

42. The Female Reproductive System
Menstruation begins between the age of 10 and 15.
Although hormones control the menstrual cycle, poor nutrition, low body fat, stress, and illness can cause irregular menstrual cycles.

43. The Female Reproductive System
Menstrual cycles may be irregular in the beginning, but become more predictable with maturity.

44. The Female Reproductive System
Care of the Female Reproductive System
Get regular check-ups by a physician every months.
Shower or bathe daily, thoroughly cleansing the vaginal area.
Use a supportive bra during physical activities to protect the breasts and prevent stretching of the Cooper’s ligaments.
Perform regular self-examinations of the breasts for signs of cancer and report any changes to a physician.
Practice abstinence. Abstain from sexual activity before marriage to avoid contracting STDs.

45. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Menstrual Cramps
At the beginning of a menstrual period, a female may experience abdominal cramps which are usually mild and last for several hours.
Light exercise or a heating pad may help relieve the cramps.
If cramps are severe or persistent, medical attention may be necessary

46. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
2. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
It may occur several days to two weeks before a menstrual period.
Symptoms may include nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings, and fatigue.
Its cause is unknown but may be related to a hormonal imbalance.

47. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
3. Toxic Shock Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome occurring most frequently with young women between the age of 15 and 19, but can occur in any women who uses tampons during their menstrual period.
May be caused by a bacterial infection (Staphylococcus Aureus).
Signs include aching muscles, bloodshot eyes, a sore throat, a sudden high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, fainting, and a sunburn like rash.

48. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
4. Infertility
The inability to become pregnant.
Affects as many as 8% of women.
Causes include a blocked fallopian tube, endometriosis, or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

49. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Blocked Fallopian Tube
The leading cause of infertility and may be caused by Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

50. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
b. Endometriosis
Where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus and appears on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and in the abdominal cavity.

51. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
c. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
An infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding areas which can damage the reproductive organs.
It is usually caused by an STD.

52. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Ovarian Cysts
A fluid-filled sac located on an ovary.
They are usually small and non-cancerous
Small cysts usually dissolve on their own, while large cysts may needs to be surgically removed.

53. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
6. Cancer
Common sites include the breast, cervix, uterus, and ovaries.
Breast cancer affects 1 out of 8 females. Most lumps are found during a monthly breast exam
80% of tumors found are non-cancerous

54. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Cervical Cancer is usually detected through a PAP test where cells are extracted and examined under a microscope.
A PAP test should be performed every 1-2 years after a women reaches the age of 18 or has become sexually active.
Early sexual activity, a family history of cervical cancer and other factors are related to an increased incidence of cervical cancer.
Most forms of cervical cancer are caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), an STD.

55. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Ovarian cancer

56. Health & Wellness IQ

57. The male sperm cell determines the gender of the baby.

58. The male sperm cell determines the gender of the baby. True

59. The female egg (ova) is fertilized inside the vagina.

60. The female egg (ova) is fertilized inside the vagina
The female egg (ova) is fertilized inside the vagina. False Ova are fertilized in the fallopian tubes.

61. The uterus makes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

62. The uterus makes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone
The uterus makes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. False The ovaries make the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

63. One ovum is released during each menstrual cycle.

64. One ovum is released during each menstrual cycle. True

65. Alcohol has no effect on a developing fetus.

66. Alcohol has no effect on a developing fetus
Alcohol has no effect on a developing fetus. It Depends Heavy alcohol consumption causes damage to the fetus’s brain and causes birth defects, but a small amount of alcohol may cause no effect. No one knows what amount of alcohol is safe, so women are advised to avoid alcohol completely.

67. Bleeding is a normal part of the menstrual cycle.

68. Bleeding is a normal part of the menstrual cycle. True

69. Most breast fibroid tumors are cancerous.

70. Most breast fibroid tumors are cancerous
Most breast fibroid tumors are cancerous. False Fibroid tumors are benign, meaning they are not cancerous.

71. Cancer of the prostate affects mainly older men.

72. Cancer of the prostate affects mainly older men. True

73. Sperm can remain alive in the female reproductive tract up to 72 hours.

74. Sperm can remain alive in the female reproductive tract up to 72 hours
Sperm can remain alive in the female reproductive tract up to 72 hours. True

75. Testes produce the male hormone testosterone.

76. Testes produce the male hormone testosterone. True