STANDARDS: SS8H6 Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia.

STANDARDS: SS8H6 Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia.
Explain the roles of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments in Reconstruction. Explain the key features of the Lincoln, the Johnson, and the Congressional Reconstruction plans. Compare and contrast the goals and outcomes of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Ku Klux Klan. Examine reasons for and effects of the removal of African American or Black legislators from the Georgia General Assembly during Reconstruction. Give examples of goods and services produced during the Reconstruction Era, including the use of sharecropping and tenant farming. © Brain Wrinkles

GA Studies: Reconstruction
Sharecropping Farming Georgia Reconstruction The workers had little hope of ever owning land because they ____________________________ . Because the worker had no money for rent, he would give the owner a ____________________________ , plus extra for the cost of rent and supplies. Sharecroppers received ____________________________ , just a small share of the crops. In the sharecropping arrangement, the owner would ____________________________ a place to live, his seeds, and farm equipment. Freed slaves knew how to grow crops, and landowners ____________________________ . They ____________________________ and became either sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Freed slaves in Georgia and other Southern states needed to ____________________________ in order to feed their families. The Civil War had destroyed Georgia’s ____________________________ and Georgians were not sure how to revamp their farms without using free (slave) labor. Recovery was difficult as Georgians lacked the ____________________________ the state’s infrastructure (railroads, factories, farms, etc.). Many were hungry, ____________________________ , or even homeless. Confederate soldiers returned from the war to find their plantations and farms ____________________________ . The state’s government had collapsed and the ____________________________ in Washington D.C. 1865 was a ____________________________ across the South, particularly in Georgia. During Reconstruction, Georgia and other Southern states needed to be rebuilt and brought ____________________________ . It is the name given to the time period ____________________________ , from 1867 to 1877. Reconstruction means to ____________________________ . GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 1

Freedmen’s Bureau The North Cotton Tenant Farmers The bureau also helped poor whites, many of whom ____________________________ in the war. It also helped freed slaves with ____________________________ . The Freedmen’s Bureau established more than ____________________________ . The U.S. government established the ____________________________ in 1865, which gave food, clothing, medicine, and other supplies to freed slaves. Some Northerners came to the South to ____________________________ black slaves who were uneducated and unemployed. Many Northern investors ____________________________ to rebuild farms, cotton mills, and railroads across the South in order to quicken the region’s recovery. Northerners had a lot to gain by ____________________________ rebuild its agriculture. The North’s ____________________________ heavily depended on cotton produced in the South. Georgia farmers worked hard to harvest more cotton since prices ____________________________ . Agriculture experts urged farmers to grow other crops besides cotton, but there was still a ____________________________ for cotton in the North and Europe. The Civil War hurt Georgia’s ____________________________ . It was ____________________________ as a sharecropper or tenant farmer. Even so, after money was deducted for rent, there was ____________________________ for the farmer. However, unlike sharecroppers, tenant farmers often owned animals, equipment, and supplies, so they received ____________________________ . Tenant farmers made similar arrangements with landowners where they ____________________________ of land. GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 2

Government Voters Criticism Education This was a major victory because they could ____________________________ of all African Americans in Georgia. With this freedom, ____________________________ were elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1867. For a brief period during Reconstruction, Freedmen were given ____________________________ than they had ever had (and would not have again for 100 years). By 1867, ____________________________ of Georgia’s black adult males became registered voters. At this time, there were ____________________________ eligible African American voters in the South. Many white Southerners believed that the freed slaves were inferior and unable to ____________________________ . They did not want blacks ____________________________ . White Southerners did not want blacks to become educated because they feared educated blacks would want ____________________________ . Unfortunately, many Georgians did not welcome the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau and ____________________________ for helping blacks. It established Clarke Atlanta University and ____________________________ . The Freedmen’s Bureau created the first ____________________________ for blacks and whites in the state and set the stage for Georgia’s modern public school system. The first school for blacks opened in an old ____________________________ slave mart in 1865. Educating slaves was ____________________________ prior to the Civil War. Georgia had a ____________________________ of freed black slaves (who were uneducated and unemployed) than any other state. GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 3

Ku Klux Klan Expelled Objections Turner The Klan spread terror throughout Georgia, and white supremacy and ____________________________ became the norm for several decades. The Ku Klux Klan used tactics of intimidation, ____________________________ , and murder in hopes of establishing social control over African Americans and their white allies. Klansmen dressed up in white sheets and hooded masks and would ____________________________ (and whites who tried to help them) at night. The ____________________________ to frighten African-Americans and keep them from exercising their civil rights. The first Ku Klux Klan began in 1867 as a ____________________________ for former confederate soldiers, but it quickly became more political and violent. Soon after his speech, Turner began receiving ____________________________ from the Ku Klux Klan, a hate group determined to keep blacks from having equal rights. Henry McNeal Turner ____________________________ against the removal, but no one listened. In 1868, Georgia’s black legislators ____________________________ . Many ____________________________ that Georgia’s Constitution denied blacks the right to hold political office. Over 25% were threatened, ____________________________ , or jailed during their term as legislators. Black legislators faced ____________________________ from white citizens and politicians. Turner was elected to the ____________________________ in the 1968 election for the Georgia Assembly. Among the delegates was ____________________________ , an educated minister who had served as the first black chaplain in the U.S. Army. GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 4

Johnson Congress’ Plan Lincoln’s Plan Readmission CONFLICT OVER RECONSTRUCTION PLANS President ____________________________ to carrying out Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan and made very few changes. In April 1865, President Lincoln was ____________________________ and Vice President Andrew Johnson took over the presidency. Lincoln ____________________________ and rejected their plan. This was stricter and required the ____________________________ to take a loyalty oath to the Union. In July 1864, the Radical Republicans passed the ____________________________ . They felt that Southern states ____________________________ for their actions during the Civil War and the readmission process should be long and difficult. While Lincoln wanted to be fair to the South, many ____________________________ felt that Lincoln’s plan was too lenient. Third, the state had to ____________________________ . Second, the state had to ____________________________ with a new constitution. First, one-tenth of the people in the state had to take an ____________________________ the U.S. Constitution. President ____________________________ for rebuilding the South had three parts: Lincoln’s plan was simple and ____________________________ from the Southern states in order to rejoin. President Lincoln wanted to be as ____________________________ to Southern states and let them back in quickly. After the Civil War, it was obvious that Southern states had to be admitted back into the Union, but ____________________________ on the best way to do so. GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 5

15th Amendment 14th Amendment 13th Amendment Johnson’s Plan The 15th Amendment granted the right to vote to all male citizens, and African Americans could now vote and ____________________________ . It declared that no citizen of the United States could be denied the ____________________________ on account of race, color, or previous servitude. In February 1870, the ____________________________ to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. At first, Tennessee was the only Southern state to approve it, but Congress told the Southern states they must approve it ____________________________ to the Union. It ____________________________ to all persons born in the United States, and it guaranteed all citizens equal rights under the law. In 1868, Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which made all ____________________________ of the United States. ____________________________ with Johnson. President Johnson said that once the amendment passed, Southern states ____________________________ into the Union. It ____________________________ in the US and any of its territories. The 13th Amendment ____________________________ in the United States. Johnson made sure that the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in ____________________________ . It said that Southern states could come back into the Union if they ____________________________ Amendment. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was ____________________________ than Lincoln’s. GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 6

Sharecropping Farming Georgia Reconstruction The workers had little hope of ever owning land because they rarely made a profit. Because the worker had no money for rent, he would give the owner a share of the crop, plus extra for the cost of rent and supplies. Sharecroppers received almost no pay, just a small share of the crops. In the sharecropping arrangement, the owner would lend the worker a place to live, his seeds, and farm equipment. Freed slaves knew how to grow crops, and landowners still needed labor. They returned to their old masters and became either sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Freed slaves in Georgia and other Southern states needed to make a living in order to feed their families. The Civil War had destroyed Georgia’s agricultural economy and Georgians were not sure how to revamp their farms without using free (slave) labor. Recovery was difficult as Georgians lacked the money needed to rebuild the state’s infrastructure (railroads, factories, farms, etc.). Many were hungry, poor, or even homeless. Confederate soldiers returned from the war to find their plantations and farms destroyed and barren. The state’s government had collapsed and the governor was imprisoned in Washington D.C. 1865 was a tough year across the South, particularly in Georgia. During Reconstruction, Georgia and other Southern states needed to be rebuilt and brought back into the Union. It is the name given to the time period after the Civil War, from 1867 to 1877. Reconstruction means to build something again. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 1

Freedmen’s Bureau The North Cotton Tenant Farmers The bureau also helped poor whites, many of whom lost everything in the war. It also helped freed slaves with legal problems. The Freedmen’s Bureau established more than 4,000 schools. The U.S. government established the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865, which gave food, clothing, medicine, and other supplies to freed slaves. Some Northerners came to the South to support the freed black slaves who were uneducated and unemployed. Many Northern investors provided the money to rebuild farms, cotton mills, and railroads across the South in order to quicken the region’s recovery. Northerners had a lot to gain by helping the South rebuild its agriculture. The North’s textile industry heavily depended on cotton produced in the South. Georgia farmers worked hard to harvest more cotton since prices were so high. Agriculture experts urged farmers to grow other crops besides cotton, but there was still a huge demand for cotton in the North and Europe. The Civil War hurt Georgia’s cotton production. It was impossible to get ahead as a sharecropper or tenant farmer. Even so, after money was deducted for rent, there was little left over for the farmer. However, unlike sharecroppers, tenant farmers often owned animals, equipment, and supplies, so they received more of the harvest. Tenant farmers made similar arrangements with landowners where they rented sections of land. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 2

Turner Government Voters Criticism Education Turner was elected to the House of Representatives in the 1968 election for the Georgia Assembly. Among the delegates was Henry McNeal Turner, an educated minister who had served as the first black chaplain in the U.S. Army. This was a major victory because they could improve the lives of all African Americans in Georgia. With this freedom, 32 black legislators were elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1867. For a brief period during Reconstruction, Freedmen were given more political rights than they had ever had (and would not have again for 100 years). By 1867, about 80% of Georgia’s black adult males became registered voters. At this time, there were approximately 700,000 eligible African American voters in the South. Many white Southerners believed that the freed slaves were inferior and unable to understand politics. They did not want blacks voting in elections. White Southerners did not want blacks to become educated because they feared educated blacks would want political equality. Unfortunately, many Georgians did not welcome the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau and criticized the organization for helping blacks. It established Clarke Atlanta University and Morehouse College. The Freedmen’s Bureau created the first public school program for blacks and whites in the state and set the stage for Georgia’s modern public school system. The first school for blacks opened in an old Savannah slave mart in 1865. Educating slaves was forbidden in Georgia prior to the Civil War. Georgia had a higher population of freed black slaves (who were uneducated and unemployed) than any other state. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 3

Ku Klux Klan Expelled Objections The Klan spread terror throughout Georgia, and white supremacy and racial segregation became the norm for several decades. The Ku Klux Klan used tactics of intimidation, physical violence, and murder in hopes of establishing social control over African Americans and their white allies. Klansmen dressed up in white sheets and hooded masks and would terrorize blacks (and whites who tried to help them) at night. The Klan used violence to frighten African-Americans and keep them from exercising their civil rights. The first Ku Klux Klan began in 1867 as a social club for former confederate soldiers, but it quickly became more political and violent. Soon after his speech, Turner began receiving death threats from the Ku Klux Klan, a hate group determined to keep blacks from having equal rights. Henry McNeal Turner spoke out against the removal, but no one listened. In 1868, Georgia’s black legislators were expelled. Many white politicians protested that Georgia’s Constitution denied blacks the right to hold political office. Over 25% were threatened, beaten, or jailed during their term as legislators. Black legislators faced daily harassment from white citizens and politicians. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 4

Johnson Congress’ Plan Lincoln’s Plan Readmission CONFLICT OVER RECONSTRUCTION PLANS President Johnson was committed to carrying out Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan and made very few changes. In April 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated and Vice President Andrew Johnson took over the presidency. Lincoln vetoed the bill and rejected their plan. This was stricter and required the majority of voters to take a loyalty oath to the Union. In July 1864, the Radical Republicans passed the Wade-Davis bill. They felt that Southern states should be punished for their actions during the Civil War and the readmission process should be long and difficult. While Lincoln wanted to be fair to the South, many Radical Republicans felt that Lincoln’s plan was too lenient. Third, the state had to abolish slavery. Second, the state had to set up a new government with a new constitution. First, one-tenth of the people in the state had to take an oath to obey the U.S. Constitution. President Lincoln’s plan for rebuilding the South had three parts: Lincoln’s plan was simple and did not require much from the Southern states in order to rejoin. President Lincoln wanted to be as fair as possible to Southern states and let them back in quickly. After the Civil War, it was obvious that Southern states had to be admitted back into the Union, but no one could agree on the best way to do so. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 5

15th Amendment 14th Amendment 13th Amendment Johnson’s Plan The 15th Amendment granted the right to vote to all male citizens, and African Americans could now vote and run for office. It declared that no citizen of the United States could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous servitude. In February 1870, the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. At first, Tennessee was the only Southern state to approve it, but Congress told the Southern states they must approve it to be readmitted to the Union. It granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, and it guaranteed all citizens equal rights under the law. In 1868, Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which made all former slaves citizens of the United States. Congress did not agree with Johnson. President Johnson said that once the amendment passed, Southern states could come back into the Union. It abolished slavery in the US and any of its territories. The 13th Amendment freed all slaves in the United States. Johnson made sure that the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in December 1865. It said that Southern states could come back into the Union if they ratified the 13th Amendment. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was slightly stricter than Lincoln’s. © Brain Wrinkles GA Studies: Reconstruction CLOZE Notes 6

RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD
Georgia Studies: RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD © Brain Wrinkles

Reconstruction Reconstruction means to build something again.
It is the name given to the time period after the Civil War, from 1867 to 1877. During Reconstruction, Georgia and other Southern states needed to be rebuilt and brought back into the Union. © Brain Wrinkles

Ruins on Peachtree Street
Atlanta 1864 © Brain Wrinkles

Georgia 1865 was a tough year across the South, particularly in Georgia. The state’s government had collapsed and the governor was imprisoned in Washington D.C. Confederate soldiers returned from the war to find their plantations and farms destroyed and barren. Many were hungry, poor, or even homeless. © Brain Wrinkles

Georgia Recovery was difficult as Georgians lacked the money needed to rebuild the state’s infrastructure (railroads, factories, farms, etc.). The Civil War had destroyed Georgia’s agricultural economy and Georgians were not sure how to revamp their farms without using free (slave) labor. © Brain Wrinkles

Railroad Lines Ruins that had to be Rebuilt
Atlanta 1864 © Brain Wrinkles

Farming Freed slaves in Georgia and other Southern states needed to make a living in order to feed their families. They returned to their old masters and became either sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Freed slaves knew how to grow crops, and landowners still needed labor. © Brain Wrinkles

Young Sharecroppers Picking Cotton
© Brain Wrinkles

Sharecropping In the sharecropping arrangement, the owner would lend the worker a place to live, his seeds, and farm equipment. Sharecroppers received almost no pay, just a small share of the crops. © Brain Wrinkles

Sharecroppers & Cotton Bales
© Brain Wrinkles

Children of African American Sharecroppers in Arkansas
© Brain Wrinkles

Sharecropping Because the worker had no money for rent, he would give the owner a share of the crop, plus extra for the cost of rent and supplies. The workers had little hope of ever owning land because they rarely made a profit. © Brain Wrinkles

Sharecropper’s Cabin Surrounded by Cotton
© Brain Wrinkles

Inside a Sharecropper’s Home
© Brain Wrinkles

Tenant Farmers Tenant farmers made similar arrangements with landowners where they rented sections of land. However, unlike sharecroppers, tenant farmers often owned animals, equipment, and supplies, so they received more of the harvest. © Brain Wrinkles

Tenant Farmers Even so, after money was deducted for rent, there was little left over for the farmer. It was impossible to get ahead as a sharecropper or tenant farmer. © Brain Wrinkles

Families of Evicted Sharecroppers in Arkansas
© Brain Wrinkles

Cotton The Civil War hurt Georgia’s cotton production.
Agriculture experts urged farmers to grow other crops besides cotton, but there was still a huge demand for cotton in the North and Europe. Georgia farmers worked hard to harvest more cotton since prices were so high. © Brain Wrinkles

Mississippi Sharecroppers
© Brain Wrinkles

The North The North’s textile industry heavily depended on cotton produced in the South. Northerners had a lot to gain by helping the South rebuild its agriculture. Many Northern investors provided the money to rebuild farms, cotton mills, and railroads across the South in order to quicken the region’s recovery. © Brain Wrinkles

Freedmen’s Bureau Some Northerners came to the South to support the freed black slaves who were uneducated and unemployed. The U.S. government established the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865, which gave food, clothing, medicine, and other supplies to freed slaves. © Brain Wrinkles

Freedmen’s Bureau The Freedmen’s Bureau established more than 4,000 schools. It also helped freed slaves with legal problems. The bureau also helped poor whites, many of whom lost everything in the war. © Brain Wrinkles

Education Georgia had a higher population of freed black slaves (who were uneducated and unemployed) than any other state. Educating slaves was forbidden in Georgia prior to the Civil War. The first school for blacks opened in an old Savannah slave mart in 1865. © Brain Wrinkles

Education The Freedmen’s Bureau created the first public school program for blacks and whites in the state and set the stage for Georgia’s modern public school system. It established Clarke Atlanta University and Morehouse College. © Brain Wrinkles

Criticism Unfortunately, many Georgians did not welcome the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau and criticized the organization for helping blacks. White Southerners did not want blacks to become educated because they feared educated blacks would want political equality. They did not want blacks voting in elections. © Brain Wrinkles

A Freedmen’s Bureau Agent Stands Between Armed Groups of Whites and Freed Men
© Brain Wrinkles

Voters Many white Southerners believed that the freed slaves were inferior and unable to understand politics. At this time, there were approximately 700,000 eligible African American voters in the South. By 1867, about 80% of Georgia’s black adult males became registered voters. © Brain Wrinkles

Government For a brief period during Reconstruction, Freedmen were given more political rights than they had ever had (and would not have again for 100 years). With this freedom, 32 black legislators were elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1867. This was a major victory because they could improve the lives of all African Americans in Georgia. © Brain Wrinkles

Turner Among the delegates was Henry McNeal Turner, an educated minister who had served as the first black chaplain in the U.S. Army. Turner was elected to the House of Representatives in the 1868 election for the Georgia Assembly. © Brain Wrinkles

Henry McNeal Turner © Brain Wrinkles

Objections Black legislators faced daily harassment from white citizens and politicians. Over 25% were threatened, beaten, or jailed during their term as legislators. Many white politicians protested that Georgia’s Constitution denied blacks the right to hold political office. © Brain Wrinkles

Expelled In 1868, Georgia’s black legislators were expelled.
Henry McNeal Turner spoke out against the removal, but no one listened. Soon after his speech, Turner began receiving death threats from the Ku Klux Klan, a hate group determined to keep blacks from having equal rights. © Brain Wrinkles

Ku Klux Klan The first Ku Klux Klan began in 1867 as a social club for former confederate soldiers, but it quickly became more political and violent. The Klan used violence to frighten African-Americans and keep them from exercising their civil rights. Klansmen dressed up in white sheets and hooded masks and would terrorize blacks (and whites who tried to help them) at night. © Brain Wrinkles

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan used tactics of intimidation, physical violence, and murder in hopes of establishing social control over African Americans and their white allies. The Klan spread terror throughout Georgia, and white supremacy and racial segregation became the norm for several decades. © Brain Wrinkles

Readmission After the Civil War, it was obvious that Southern states had to be admitted back into the Union, but no one could agree on the best way to do so. President Lincoln wanted to be as fair as possible to Southern states and let them back in quickly. Lincoln’s plan was simple and did not require much from the Southern states in order to rejoin. © Brain Wrinkles

Lincoln’s Plan President Lincoln’s plan for rebuilding the South had three parts: First, one-tenth of the people in the state had to take an oath to obey the U.S. Constitution. Second, the state had to set up a new government with a new constitution. Third, the state had to abolish slavery. © Brain Wrinkles

Congress’ Plan While Lincoln wanted to be fair to the South, many Radical Republicans felt that Lincoln’s plan was too lenient. They felt that Southern states should be punished for their actions during the Civil War and the readmission process should be long and difficult. © Brain Wrinkles

Congress’ Plan In July 1864, the Radical Republicans passed the Wade-Davis bill. This was stricter and required the majority of voters to take a loyalty oath to the Union. Lincoln vetoed the bill and rejected their plan. © Brain Wrinkles

Johnson In April 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated and Vice President Andrew Johnson took over the presidency. President Johnson was committed to carrying out Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan and made very few changes. © Brain Wrinkles

Johnson’s Plan President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was slightly stricter than Lincoln’s. It said that Southern states could come back into the Union if they ratified the 13th Amendment. Johnson made sure that the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in December 1865. © Brain Wrinkles

13th Amendment The 13th Amendment freed all slaves in the United States. It abolished slavery in the US and any of its territories. President Johnson said that once the amendment passed, Southern states could come back into the Union. Congress did not agree with Johnson. © Brain Wrinkles

13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
It was approved by Abraham Lincoln in February, but was not ratified until December. The 13th Amendment says, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” © Brain Wrinkles

14th Amendment In 1868, Congress passed the 14th Amendment, which made all former slaves citizens of the United States. It granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, and it guaranteed all citizens equal rights under the law. At first, Tennessee was the only Southern state to approve it, but Congress told the Southern states they must approve it to be readmitted to the Union. © Brain Wrinkles

The 14th Amendment says, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” © Brain Wrinkles

15th Amendment In February 1870, the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. It declared that no citizen of the United States could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous servitude. The 15th Amendment granted the right to vote to all male citizens, and African Americans could now vote and run for office. © Brain Wrinkles

The 15th Amendment says, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the color, or previous condition of servitude.” © Brain Wrinkles

STANDARDS: SS8H6 Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia.

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