1. EXPLORERS OF THE NEW WORLD!

2. Spain and the Reconquista
800 years of war to reclaim Spain from the Moors (an Islamic people from North Africa.
The Moors gained Spain around 711, bringing with wealth and trade to the region
Many Spanish cities like Granada, Barcelona, thrived from this trade and population grew
Spaniards believed retaking Spain as a religious necessity

3. Retaking Spain Little by little Spain retook Spain
Eventually defeating the Moor’s stronghold city of Granada
Years of fighting affected their lives because they lived in a state of war, as a result Spanish soldier knew no other life.
The quest for Glory and Gold – when a soldier defeated their enemy they took their wealth and as a result gained glory.

4. Moors (Islamic people from North Africa) gain control of Spain
The defeat of the Moors inspires Spain to explore other lands
Spain Drives the Moors from Spain
Spain funds Christopher Columbus’s overseas voyages
800 years of struggle, called Reconquista, begin as Spain fights to retake the land
His success leads to the voyages of other explorers.

5. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

6. Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

7. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

8. Conquistador 3 G’s = God, Glory and Gold.
As a result of defeating the Moors, the soldiers lost their purpose, and they turned to the West to conquest and conquer the new world.
The word Conquistador means conqueror
Conquistador leaders would eventually become viceroys (governors) over large land tracts claimed by Spain, these are called Viceroyalty.

9. TECHNOLOGY HELPS !
The introduction of the Caravel made travel easier !
65 feet long = more space for food/ppl.
Able to explore
close to shore.
Larger sails for
easier movement
and power!

11. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

12. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

13. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

14. Section 1: Europeans Reach the Americas
Main Ideas
Explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas from Europe in 1492.
The Spanish wanted to control the Americas to obtain gold, spread Christianity, and gain glory.
In 1519 Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire.
Question: What were the short and long-term effects of the Cortés expedition?

16. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 1492
SENT BY KING FERNINDAD AND QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN TO GO TO INDIA TO FIND SPICES.
HE GETS LOST IN A STORM AS HE HEADS ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.
HE IS BLOWN OFF COURSE AND LANDS IN THE ISLAND WHERE HE NAMES THE PEOPLE HE ENCOUNTERS “INDIANS” BECAUSE HE THOUGHT HE WAS IN INDIA.
HE RETURNS TO SPAIN AND LEADS ANOTHER EXPEDITION TO THE NEW WORLD.

17. Columbus’ Four Voyages

18. Hernan Cortez 1519 SENT FROM SPAIN
Conquered all of Mexico by defeating the Aztecs in 1521
Defeated the Aztecs because of metal armor, guns and the horse.
Appointed governor of New Spain (Mexico)

19. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

20. The Death of Montezuma II

21. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

22. Cortés and his army sail to what is now Mexico.
1519
Cortés and his army sail to what is now Mexico.
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
conquered the Aztec Empire
killed or enslaved many Aztecs
gained for Spain the Aztecs’ wealth and land
built Mexico City on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlán, which became the capital of New Spain
increased the empire and wealth of Spain
increased Spain’s power
established Mexico as a base from which Spain could launch explorations
expanded Spain’s American empire, which covered much of North and South America by 1600

23. Section 2: The Spanish Explore Texas
Main Ideas
Pineda mapped the Texas coast in 1519.
The Narváez expedition was shipwrecked on the coast of Texas, but few of its members survived.
Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico traveled widely through Texas in search of a way back to Spanish lands.
Question: What significant events occurred in 1519?

24. ALONSO ALVAREZ DE PINEDA 1519
SENT FROM SPAIN
FAMOUS FOR BEING THE FIRST EXPLORER TO STEP FOOT IN TEXAS
HE WAS A MAP MAKER OR CARTOGRAPHER
HE EXPLORED AND MAPPED THE COAST OF FLORIDA AND DISCOVERED THAT FLORIDA WAS NOT AN ISLAND.
SENT SHIPS BACK TO JAMAICA, PINEDA COLONIE AND ALL SETTLERS NEVER FOUND

25. 1519 1519 1519 Alonso Álvarez de Pineda sailed
He and his crew settled near
He is best known for mapping
from Jamaica into the Gulf of Mexico.
the Pánuco River near American Indian villages.
the northern Gulf of Mexico, including Texas.

26. PANFILO DE NARVAEZ 1511 SENT FROM SPAIN
EXPEDITION TO SEEK GOLD IN APALACHE, NO GOLD FOUND, GROUP WEAK FROM NO FOOD AND FROM INDIAN ATTACKS.
EXPEDITION MAKES IT BACK, BUT SHIPS HAD DEPARTED BACK TO SPAIN, STRAND GROUP, GROUP MAKE SMALL BOATS, TRAVEL GULF OF MEXICO TO GALVESTON.
NARVAEZ DROWNS, KARANKAWA’S GIVE SURVIVORS FOOD AND SHELTER, BUT MANY DO NOT SURVIVE HARSH WINTER.
EXPOSE EUROPEAN DISEASES TO NATIVES

27. Section 3: Searching for Cities of Gold
Main Ideas
Fray Marcos and Estevanico believed that they had found the fabled cities of gold called Cíbola.
Coronado traveled through Texas and surrounding areas in search of gold and silver.
The Moscoso expedition traveled through Texas on its way to Mexico but failed to find riches.
Question: What were the goals and results of Spanish expeditions?

28. CABEZA DE VACA 1528 SENT FROM SPAIN TO FIND THE 7 CITIES OF CIBOLA
THE REMAINING EXPLORERS BUILT 5 RAFTS AND TRIED TO SAIL TO A SPANISH SETTLEMENT. ONLY 15 OF THESE MEN SURVIVED.
THE SURVIVERS WERE TAKEN CAPTIVE BY THE INDIANS AND EXPLORED THE SOUTHERN PART OF NORTH AMERICA.
KNOWN FOR CLAIMING PART OF FLORIDA FOR SPAIN AND PUBLISHING A BOOK ABOUT HIS TRAVELS NOTING THE MISTREATMENT OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS BY THE EARLY SPANISH EXPLORERS.

29. CAME TO NORTH AMERICA LOOKING FOR THE 7 CITIES OF GOLD
MARCOS DE NIZA 1531
SENT FROM FRANCE
CAME TO NORTH AMERICA LOOKING FOR THE 7 CITIES OF GOLD
REPORTED THAT HE HAD SEEN THE 7 CITIES OF GOLD BUT THEY TURNED OUT TO BE ZUNI PUBELOS MADE OF CLAY
KNOWN FOR FREEING SOME OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS WHO WERE BEING HELD AS SLAVES

30. FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO 1540
SENT TO SEARCH FOR THE 7 CITIES OF CIBOLO OR THE 7 CITIES OF GOLD.
EARLY EXPLORERS HAD SAID THEY SAW CITIES AND STREETS MADE OF GOLD.
FAMOUS FOR BEING THE FIRST EXPLORER TO TRAVEL UP THE RIO GRANDE AND DISCOVERED THE GRAND CANYON
TRAVELED THROUGH WEST TEXAS, OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS

31. Expedition Goals Results Fray Marcos & Estevanico (1539) Coronado
(1540)
Moscoso
find seven lost cities of gold
Estevanico—reached a Zuni village and was killed
Fray Marcos—saw village from afar and reported it was filled with gold and treasure
conquer Cíbola;
gain its treasure
conquered Zuni village
crossed Texas Panhandle in search of Quivira
did not find gold or treasure
conquer Cíbola;
gain its treasure
explored what is now the southeastern United States and East Texas
sailed to Mexico
did not find gold or treasure

32. Section 4: Consequences of Spanish Exploration
Main Ideas
Juan de Oñate founded the colony of New Mexico.
Interaction between Europeans and American Indians changed both societies.
The Columbian Exchange brought both devastating disease and useful horses to North America.
Question: What were the effects of Spanish exploration in Texas?

33. SPANISH EXPLORATION IN TEXAS Effects on American Indians
Effects on Spain
Effects on American Indians
established a claim to Texas
gained knowledge about land and people of Texas
gained new plants and animals from the Americas
gained a buffer zone between Spanish settlement and American Indians/Europeans to the north
lost equine military advantage
conflict with Texas Indians
gained new plants and animals from Europe, such as horses
rise of a Plains Indian horse culture
Plains Indians’ fighting and hunting abilities increased by horses
many Texas Indian deaths from European diseases
conflict with the Spanish

36. HERNANDO DE SOTO 1524 SENT FROM SPAIN TO FIND A PASSAGE TO CHINA
KNOWN FOR CONQUERING THE INCA EMPIRE AND BEING THE FIRST EXPLORER TO DISCOVER FLORIDA AND TO CROSS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BRUTALLY KILLED AND ENSLAVED MANY OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA
DIED AND IS BURIED ALONG THE MISSISSIPPIE RIVER IN 1542

37. PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVILES 1565
SENT FROM SPAIN
ATTACKS THE FRENCH FORT IN FLORIDA AND MURDERS EVERONE IN THE FORT INCLUDING MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN.
KNOWN FOR ESTABLISHING ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA THE OLDEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
EXPLORES ALL THE WAY INTO SOUTH CAROLINA.

38. Juan de ONAte: 1598
First explorer given right to settle and govern a colony in what is present day New Mexico and Pueblo lands
Created a mission in El Paso de Norte, Pass of the North, (El Paso Texas), served as gateway to New Mexico and Northwest Texas (Panhandle).
Built settlement in Santa Fe, New Mexico, trail that leads from El Paso to Santa Fe, known as Camino de Real, missionaries created other missions along this trail
Opened Exploration of Western Texas.

39. Treasures from the Americas!

40. RENE-ROBERT DE LA SALLE 1665
SENT FROM FRANCE
CAME TO CANADA LOOKING FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE, A WATERWAY FROM THE EAST COAST TO THE WEST COAST.
KNOWN FOR BEING ONE OF THE FIRST EXPLORERS TO SAIL DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE GULF OF MEXICO BY CANOE.
ALSO CLAIMED THE GREAT LAKES FOR FRANCE.

41. LASALLE aND FORT SAINT LOUIS
IDEA TO BUILD A COLONY AT THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI, POSSIBLY NOT FAR FROM PRESENT DAY ST LOUIS.
ATTACKED BY SPANISH SHIPS, 4 SHIP FLEET MADE WAY TO PRESENT DAY MATAGORDA BAY, TEXAS
FORT SAINT LOUIS ESTABLISHED IN KARANKAWA LANDS
FIGHTING BETWEEN KARANKAWA, DISEASE AND HUNGER DOOMED COLONY.
LASALLE MURDERED WHEN HE TRIED TO GET HELP.

42. LOCATION OF FORT SAINT LOUIS

43. LasaLLE LaSalle’s doomed colony allowed France to claim part of Texas
Fur Trade benefitted from France’s claims of North America and the new lands were called New France, that stretched from present day Newfoundland to New Orleans.
France controlled most of the lands along the Mississippi and even claimed part of East Texas. LaSalle noted to have traveled into Galveston Bay.
Eventually, France would call the lands the lands along the Mississippi, Louisiana named after the French King.
The French would control most of New France until 1767, when the Treaty of Paris forced France to surrender much of New France to England.

44. Credit
Houghton, Mifflin and Harcourt, Grade 7, Texas History Textbook, 2015.