1. Principles of Conversation

2. A conversation is communication by two or more people , or sometimes with one’s self , on a particular topic. Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, because they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from each other.

3. Rules of Conversation Rules of conversation essential?
Rules of conversation not required?

4. Both people in a conversation are cooperating- this is called the cooperative principle.

5. Grice's Conversational Maxims
Maxim of Quantity:
1. Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary. Maxim of Quality:
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
Maxim of Relevance:
1. Be relevant (i.e., say things related to the current topic of the conversation). Maxim of Manner:
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary wordiness). 4. Be orderly.

6. Why should you follow them?
Allow you to be more brief
Allow you to say things indirectly
Show you how to read between the lines
Communicate more efficiently
Powerful and creative way to get across a point

7. Speaking skills

8. Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode
Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It, like the other skills, is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words.

9. Three kinds of speaking situations
interactive
partially interactive
non-interactive

10. Micro-skills involved in speaking
The speaker has to: 
pronounce the distinctive sounds of a language clearly enough so that people can distinguish them. This includes making tonal distinctions.
use stress and rhythmic patterns, and intonation patterns of the language clearly enough so that people can understand what is said.
use the correct forms of words. This may mean, for example, changes in the tense, case, or gender.
put words together in correct word order.

11. use vocabulary appropriately.
make the main ideas stand out from supporting ideas or information.

12. TONE
INTONATION
BODY GESTURES
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

13. WHAT IS INTONATION?
the rise and fall of the voice in speaking: she spoke English with a German intonation
Intonation is primarily a matter of variation in the pitch level of the voice , but in languages such as English, stress and rhythm are also involved. Intonation conveys differences of expressive meaning (e.g., surprise, doubtfulness). In many languages, including English, intonation serves a grammatical function, distinguishing one type of phrase or sentence from another. Thus, “it's gone” is an assertion when spoken with a drop in pitch at the end, but a question when spoken with a rise in pitch at the end.

14. Tone
a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking. The term is usually applied to languages (called tone languages) in which pitch differentiates words with an identical sequences of consonants and vowels. For example, man in Mandarin Chinese may mean either “deceive” or “slow,” depending on its pitch. In tone languages, what matters is not absolute pitch but the pitch of one word relative to another or how pitch changes within a word.

15. Your tone should be open, friendly, and variable.
Vary your voice tone.
Change your rhythm. Speed up and slow down. When you have a key point to make, make it and then be quiet for a moment.
Silence is more powerful than shouting. Too many times a speaker makes a key point while talking on and on, and no one notices—not even the speaker
Your rhythm should include pauses. Count to two or three, then start another sentence. Don’t link all your sentences together, especially with "and" or "and, uh." End them.