1. SCIENTIFIC SEARCH METHODS

2. Your code is CGY403E-
Gavsis
3 hours per week
ECTS X5
70% attendance obligation

3. 1st Week
26th Semptember
Intro: Mastering the Basics
2nd Week
4th October
Research Methodology: An Introduction
3rd Week
11th October
Etics for Researchers
4th Week
18th October
Literature Reviwing and Interpretion
5th Week
25th October
Planing Research
6th Week
1st November
Measurement and Scaling Technique for Planing a Good Research
7th Week
8th Noverber
Review
8th Week
15th Noverber
MID TERM
9th Week
22nd Novermber
Questions Reviewed
10th Week
29th November
Methods of Data Collection
11th Week
6th December
Processing and Analysis of Data; Sampling
12nd Week
13th December
Hypothesis Testing
13rd Week
20th December
Interpretation and Report Writing
14th Week
27thDecember

8. TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
The Turkish education system is divided into three levels
System is made up 12 years of compulsory education.
KINDERGARDEN
NOT COMPULSORY
Primary Education
4 years of primary School
+ 4 years Middle School
Secondary Education
4 Years ( In some schools plus 1 year of Eng Preparatory Class

9. 4 years of primary School + 4 years Middle School
Primary Education
4 years of primary School + 4 years Middle School
The first level in the education system is primary school education consisting of four years (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4thgrades).
The middle school lastes from 5th to 8th Grades

10. Secondary school education covers general, vocational,
Secondary Education
4 Years ( In some schools plus 1 year of Eng Preparatory Class
Secondary school education covers general,
vocational,
and technical high schools and is compulsory.
These graduates receive a high school diploma
The types of high schools are listed on the right side:
-General High Schools
-Vocational High Schools
-Anatolian High Schools
-Science High Schools
-Religious High Schools
-Fine Arts High Schools
-Private High Schools

11. General High Schools
Students who complete eight years of primary education can register at the general high schools. High school graduates take the university placement exams Higher Education Exam (YGS) and Undergraduate Placement Exam(LYS).

12. Vocational High Schools
The graduates of vocational high schools can study at vocational schools at the universities without taking any exam.
The vocational high schools can be grouped as Technical,
Communication,
Health, Hotel
and
Touris andd Management,
Teachers’ vocational high schools. The students at these schools may need to study for five years in total.

13. Anatolian High Schools
Foreign languages are taught extensively at these high schools. Some Anatolian high schools have one year of preparatory class in the foreign language in which the high school instruction is given. The number of lessons per week is more than other high schools and these schools also offer a second foreign language

14. Science High Schools
These high schools are for students who have a deep interest in the Sciences. Students studying at these high schools choose
Science or Engineering departments at
the universities.

15. Religious High Schools
These high schools raise the future Imams, preachers and teachers of the Koran. They were opened by the Ministry of National Education and offer programs to prepare students for
higher education as
well.

16. Fine Arts High Schools
These high schools are for students who have a special interest and talent in fine arts. The goal is to educate the students at early ages.

17. Private High Schools
These high schools are also called colleges in Turkey. At some of these high schools, classes like Mathematics and Science are taught in a foreign language which is the medium of instruction at those schools.
Parents pay a tuition fee to these schools and admissions to some private high schools are highly competitive. Examples of these high schools are Robert College, Saint Joseph Lycee, Austrian high school, etc.

18. 3. HIGHER EDUCATION
Students who graduate from these high schools have the right to continue to higher education. To continue into higher education, students have to take the university entrance exams YGS and LYS given by the Assessment, Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM) and receive a certain score. The scores students receive from YGS and LYS and their high school GPA play an important role in being placed at higher education institutions.
After taking the YGS, some universities may want students to take a special talent exam. The higher education system in Turkey is composed of universities, institutes of technology, vocational schools, and other higher education schools like the military or the police academy.

19. TURKISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Vocational Schools  DGS Can be tranferred to Universities in case completing the ECTS
Now You Are Here
UNDERGRAGUATE

20. Bachelor’s Degree To get a Bachelor’s degree, four years of university
education has to be completed. However, students studying Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Sciences will need to study for five to six years to receive a degree.

21. Entring The Master’s Degree
English language proficiency certificate Graduate education entrance exam results (ALES / GRE / GMAT) > 70 Diploma or graduation certificate Disciplinary record Official transcript Statement of Purpose and Reference letter Resume Application fee

22. Master’s Degree
Master’s degree is awarded to students who complete two- year programs of classes with and without a thesis.
Master’s programs with thesis usually require 21 credits of coursework and a thesis to be written in order to graduate. Master’s programs without dissertations require 30 credits of coursework and a final project in order to graduate.

23. EXPECTATIONS VS REALITY

24. Doctorate Degree
Students who have a Bachelor’s or a Master’s degree can apply for doctorate programs. Doctorate students are required to take a minimum of seven courses of 21 credits in total and have to pass the doctoral qualifying exam.
After these items, students write their dissertation, and defend it in front of a jury.

25. After PHD? You get your title as assistant professor
You are expected to publish at least 3 papers; your name as the first name
You are expected to fulfil the criteria for becoming associated professor
You are expected to make a contribution to SCIENCE, ART or Social Sciences tgrough your researches….

26. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research in common parlance ; refers to a
search  for knowledge.
Research also can be defined as
scientific and
systematic search for pertinet ( related) information on a specific topic.

27. Does not require systematical structure
Data
Knowledge
Information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols) that refer to, or represent, conditions, ideas, or objects.
Does not require systematical structure
Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education;
the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

28. A systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject
Science
A systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject
the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
Bilim veya ilim, fiziki ve doğal evrenin yapısının ve hareketlerinin birtakım yöntemler aracılığıyla sistematik bir şekilde incelenmesini de kapsayan entelektüel ve pratik çalışmalar bütünüdür

29. Social Sciences can be classified into disciplines such as
Natural sciences
is the science of naturally occurring objects or phenomena, such as light, objects, matter, earth, celestial bodies, or the human body.
Natural sciences can be further classified into physical sciences, earth sciences, life sciences, and others.
Physical sciences consist of disciplines such as physics (the science of physical objects), chemistry (the science of matter), and astronomy (the science of celestial objects).
Earth sciences consist of disciplines such as geology (the science of the earth).
Life sciences include disciplines such as biology and medicine
Social Sciences can be classified into disciplines such as
psychology (the science of human behaviors),
sociology (the science of social groups), and
economics (the science of firms, markets, and economies) etc

30. Sciences can also be classified based on their purpose.
Basic
Applied
Basic sciences, also called püre sciences, are those that explain the most basic objects and forces, relationships between them, and laws governing them.
Examples include physics, mathematics, and biology.
Applied sciences, also called practical sciences, are sciences that apply scientific knowledge from basic sciences in a physical environment.
For instance, engineering is an applied science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry for practical applications such as building stronger bridges or fuel efficient combustion engines,
medicine is an applied science that applies the laws of iology for solving human ailments.
Both basic and applied sciences are required for human development.

31. done or acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical.
Systematic
Methodical
done or acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical.
done according to a systematic or established procedure.

32. So scientifc research is a
Search conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science
by the systematic collection,
interpretation
and evaluation of data
in a planned manner

33. DATA KNOWLEDGE Information in raw or unorganized form
theoretical or practical understanding of a subject THROUGH experience or education

34. systematic collection interpretation and evaluation of data
Research is
Science: A systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject
systematic collection
interpretation
and evaluation of data
in a planned manner

35. What makes people to undertake research
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following:

36. Classification of the Scientific Research According their Attributes

37. Types of Studies 1.According to data collection techniques:
Observational
Experimental
2. According to causality relationships:
Descriptive
Analytical
3. According to relationships with time
• Retrospective
• Prospective
• Cross-sectional
3. According to the areas that they are applied:
• Clinical
• Laboratory
• Social descriptive research

38. Classification of the Scientific Research According their Study Design

39. a. Observational studies:
Descriptive research
Analytical research
a. Observational studies:
cohort, case control and crosssectional research
b. Interventional research:
quasi-experimental and clinical research
Based on comparative experiments
a. Case reports
b. Case series
c. Surveillance studies
Based on merely observations without a control group

40. Choose a study design Case report Case series Case controlled study
Cross sectional
Cohort
Retrospective comparison
Prospective Comparison
Choose a study design

41. 1. A Case report Most common type of descriptive study
Description or examination of one single interesting and unusual case having a different quality in the society
This is anecdotal (telling) and may form the basis for further studies
This may be the only way to report on something very rare

43. A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of mild left leg weakness. At the age of 6 months, he had undergone a ventriculoatrial shunt, because of postnatal hydrocephalus of unknown cause. When he was 14 years old, he developed ataxia and paresis of the left leg, which resolved entirely after shunt revision. His neurological development and medical history were otherwise normal. He was a married father of two children, and worked as a civil servant. On neuropsychological testing, he proved to have an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 75: his verbal IQ was 84, and his performance IQ 70.

44. 2. Case series
Description of several, repetitive cases having common features
Have no attempt to answer specific hypotheses or
Does not compare results with another group of cases.

46. 3. Surveillance Studies:
These are the results obtained from the databases
that follow and record a health problem for a certain time

47. Analytical Scientifc Research
The most important difference of analytical scientific research and the descriptive research
is the presence of a comparison group
They are categorised
1. Observational/ Analytically Observational
2. interventional (Experimental) research

48. 1. Observational research
The participants are grouped and evaluated  according to a research plan or protocol.
Observational research is more attractive than other studies:
as necessary clinical data is available,
coming to a conclusion is fast
and they incur low costs
In observational studies, the factors and events examined by the researcher are not under the researcher’s control.
They cannot be changed when requested.
All the variables, except for the examined factor or event, cannot be kept constant.
Randomisation can be restrictedly used in some cases.

49. It might not be always possible to apparently and completely detect a cause and effect relationship.
The results are considerably similar to real-life situations since the events are examined as they are and special conditions are not created.
Since the repetition of the observed cases is impossible most of the times, it may not be possible to recreate the same conditions.

51. 1.A Analytical Observational
After the researcher intervenes, the researcher waits for the result, observes and obtains data.
Experimental studies are, more often, in the form of clinical trials or laboratory animal trials
Analytical observational research can be classifed as
1.A.i cohort,
1.A.ii case-control and
1.A. İii cross-sectional studies.

52. 1.A.i. Cohort Study
A cohort is a group formed by patients having common characteristics.
A cohort study is the one in which a group of patients is followed-up in time
Comparison with control group is allowed

53. Cohort According to Time Line
Retrospective
The researcher’s following-up of cohort subjects from a certain point towards the past is called a retrospective cohort study.
The results are obtained before the research starts.
In retrospective studies, the research is made on recorded data: no new data can be added

54. Prospective Cohort Study
The follow-up of patients prospectively is called a prospective cohort study.
Prospective cohort studies are more valuable than retrospective cohort studies as the researcher observes and records the data patiently.
The results are obtained after the research starts.
The researcher plans the study before the research and determines what data will be used.

55. 1.A.ii Case control study
An observational study where characteristics of people with a disease (cases) are compared with selected people without the disease (controls).
These studies are retrospective cohort studies. They examine the cause and effect relationship from the effect to the cause.
The detection or determination of data depends on the information recorded in the past.
The researcher has no control over the data

56. 1.A.ii Cross Sectional Studies
The patients or events are examined at a particular point in time and are characterised by timing
Prevalence studies (the percentage of a population having a disease at a certain time) are the ones in which the diagnosis and disease mechanism are detected and the cause and effect relationship is examined at the same level.
Cross- sectional studies are advantageous since they can be concluded relatively quickly.
Studies, the exposure and result are simultaneously evaluated.

57. 2. Interventional Research (Experimental / Controlled Studies )
In this type of research, there is a control group aimed to be tested.
The researcher decides upon which effect the participant will be exposed to in this study.
Post-intervention, the researcher waits for the result, observes and obtains the data.
Interventional studies are divided into two:
quasi-experimental and
clinical research

58. 2.a. Quasi-Experimental Research
They are conducted in cases
in which a quick result is requested and the participants or research areas cannot be randomised
, e.g. giving hand-wash training and comparing the frequency of nosocomial infections before and after hand wash.

59. 2.b. Clinical Study or Clinical Research
They are prospective studies carried out with a control group for the purpose of comparing the effect and value of an intervention in a clinical case.
Drugs, invasive interventions, medical devices and operations, diets, physical therapy and diagnostic tools are relevant in this context
Clinical studies may befinanced by healthcare institutes, drug companies, academic medical centres, volunteer groups, physicians, healthcare service providers and other individuals**
Ethically the participants are made aware of the duration of the study before their inclusion.
Clinical studies should include the evaluation of recommendations (drug, device and surgical) for the treatment of a disease, syndrome or a comparison of one or more applications; finding different ways for recognition of a disease or case and prevention of their recurrence

60. Adequacy of design Clinical research starts with forming a hypothesis.
A hypothesis can be defned as a claim put forward about the value of a population parameter based on sampling.
There are two types of hypotheses in statistics. H0 and H1
Best study is a randomised controlled double blind
Not possible in all cases
May be unethical to treat or withhold treatment

61. Adequacy of study Study sample Quality control must be representative
large enough size to ensure sufficient power
Quality control
Accurate measurements
Compliance of cases and controls

62. Define Your objectives
Try to keep these simple
The more variables the more difficult
However use the opportunity
Get help at this stage
Senior colleagues
Experienced researchers

63. Literature search Check to see if your idea is original
Look for a new slant to present
Try to get the full article
Read all the references
Most of these will be vital when writing up

64. The protocol Write out introduction and methodology in detail
Give it to people to read to check for major flaws
Get help at this stage

65. This where you start writing the paper Write intro, methods in detail
Ethical considerations
Analytical methods in detail
Budget
Basics of the protocol

66. The study Assignment of roles Projected time to completion
Get all equipment before start
Get ethical approval
Get funding
The study

67. The study Responsibility Data collection
Accurate testing and measurements
Stick to the protocol
Sample size
The study

68. Two reasons your papers are rejected
Content
Format
Get a copy of the Journal you wish to publish in similar article or detailed instructions
Writing the paper

69. Writing up Your paper is reviewed by experts
Get help before sending it away
Reading a protocol or a paper or offering advice does not entitle one to become an author on a paper

70. Authorship Should be directly involved at the Idea stage
Protocol development
Actual performance of the study
Interpretation of results
Writing up

71. Authorship All authors must take full responsibility for the study
That is why it is important to be involved fully