1. Options for Sanitation Solutions
Kamran Naeem
Manager BSU
UN-HABITAT
14 Feb 11

2. Poor Environment-Poor Health
Excreta-refuse
Contamination of food and Water. Either at source or at home
Contribute to spread of Disease.
Encourage breeding Vectors.

3. Faecal-Oral Transmission
Some of the water borne infections travel by hands, clothes, Flies to our mouth through food.

4. Measures to Interrupt Disease Transmission

5. Faeco-Oral Route

6. Is construction of latrine a solution?
Transmission of All Pathogens is Affected by Method of Excreta Disposal
Includes all Faecal-Oral and Soil Based Diseases
Mostly shallow wells are infected with Faecal bacteria
Design should
Not contaminate soil and water
Flies should not transmit pathogens
According to social-cultural preferences and easy maintenance and disposal.

7. Cleaner Latrine Better Health
Unless clean, a well built latrine spreads disease.
If slab is soiled and wet with urine, it will bread flies and mosquitoes and eggs of intestinal worms may affect other users.
If smelly people will not use it.
Children’s Excreta is more infectious. If they cant use latrine it , the risk remains with a higher degree.

8. Location of Latrine Downhill and away from well-50 m.
To the side where wind goes away
With consideration of water table.
Accessible for emptying
Accessible for easy use
Consideration for Neighbours.

9. What is an Appropriate Technology?

10. Appropriate Technology
Successful Operation of Facility.
Sustainable
Operation and Maintenance Possible and realistic.
Very Difficult to Select though it looks simple
Off the Land
Not imposed on Community.

11. Excreta deposited Directly or Indirectly

12. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE LATRINE

13. Naming types of Latrines

14. Naming types of Latrines

16. Introduction to Pit Latrines

17. Pit Latrines Easy to be built by user
If made properly as healthy as waterborne
Use maximum local Materials
Low Cost
Easy to maintain
Mostly already in practice in rural communities

18. How Excreta is Treated?

19. Unhealthy Pit Latrines
Poor Design

20. Unhealthy Pit Latrine
Poor Cleanliness and poor practice

21. Unhealthy Pit Latrine Consideration for all users
Children’s Excreta is more dangerous

22. Healthy Pit Latrines Pits Should be 3m Deep
Pits should be 1-1.2m in diameter
Pits of this size can be used for twenty years
Lining of pits can be done with stones and bricks. Concrete, CGI sheets, or flattened oil drums
The hole should be large enough to prevent fouling but not s large that people fell down.
Finish the surrounding surface with cement or mud plaster…

23. Type of Seat

24. Step By Step Improvement

25. Some Important Details

26. Other Types of Pit Latrines

27. Other Types of Pit Latrines

28. Types of Pit Latrines

29. Details of Dry Latrines
Water not available
Water in very less amount
Very Basic construction material
Poor community
Simple Use
Design needs experience and communities must be trained for various aspects in simple
A good dry latrine design should have features:-

31. Pit Size Depends on how many People are using
What they use for anal cleansing
What is the height of Water Table
A pit is considered full when it is full up to 50 cm from top
Sludge in pits is naturally digested over time, and rate of filling slows down

32. How to Calculate Pit Size
Volume of pit = ( NxSxD) A
1000
N = Number of user
S = Sludge Lit/person/year
60 if dry conditions and degradable cleaner
40 if dipped in water and degradable cleaner
D = Design life
A = Area of base

33. Pit Shapes

34. Pit Lining

35. Latrine Slabs

36. Latrine slabs

37. Latrine Slabs

38. Super Structure-Building

39. Plan-Spiral Good Against Flies

40. Latrine’s Vent Pipe

41. Different Latrines and Vents

42. Ventilation Principle 1

43. Ventilation Principle 2

44. Fly Controlling

45. Vent Size

46. Fly Proof Net

47. Fly Proofing-Ventilation

48. Fitting The Pipe

49. Choosing a water seal Latrine

50. Water Seal Latrine
People especially in Muslim countries who clean themselves with water after excreting, a latrine with water seal can be used.
Advantage is that it breaks the contact between user and Excreta.
But it is slightly costly and needs water always to clean.
It is not required to flush with clean water.

51. The Pan

52. Types Of Water Seal Latrines
Direct
Cheapest in this type
Needs Less water
Disadvantage:
When full need construction again.
Or dig it out from side while top excreta is fresh.
Needs strong slab

53. Offset When this is full new can be dug beside it
Same pan can be used with an other pipe.
It takes more water to flush
It is more Expensive

54. Double When one pit is full use the other one
A bit shallow pts ca be used
Expensive
While constructing needs supervision
Uses More Water
Difficult to educate user

55. Water and Cost Key Factor

56. Depth of Pit
It is better to dig 3 m deep with 1.2 m diameter, It will last for 20 years for one family
But you may not be able to dig 3 m deep

57. Solution is a Mound Latrine
Build mound 1 m high
Or a double pit
Line the latrine
Line top 50cm if very hard soil
Fix pan properly
Give at least 5% slope
Build lining at least 15 cm above ground

58. Questions?
Which part of a Double Water seal Latrine most difficult to construct?
Water seal Latrine are best for refugees who get most of diseases from Excreta contact ?
Water Seal Latrine must be uphill of a well ?
Biggest Advantage of Water Seal Latrine is That you don’t need maintenance.

59. Public And Communal Latrines

60. Public and Communal Latrine
Located at?
Also near big housing clusters who do not have latrines
Design is No problem, Operation and Maintenance is difficult.
Good way of promoting good practices and introducing uncommon appropriate technology

61. Before Public Latrine:-----
Plans must be decided
For Cleaning and operation
For the wages of any paid staff.
For Paying bills
For maintenance and repair
For Proper Management and control

62. Design Always Separate for men and Women
Exceptionally one Toilet for disabled People with access.
Design same as House Latrine
If Water is available use Water-Sealed Latrine
Connect Water Sealed Latrine through Pipes to Sceptic Tank or Aqua privy Latrines

63. Type Of Public and Communal Latrines

64. Sceptic Tank----Aqua privy

65. Any Questions?
Thanks