1. APUSH Review: Period 6 (1865-1898) – 13%
The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.

2. The “Gilded Age” ( )
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

3. Period 6 ( )

4. The “Gilded Age” (1870 - 1900) Coined by Mark Twain
Things appeared to be good on the surface, but underneath there were social, economic, and political issues
Government subsidies fueled westward expansion (RRs)
Emergence of monopolies - to gain power and resources
Businesses looked beyond borders for markets
Social Darwinism - used by wealthy to defend their success
Growing gap between rich and poor - “conspicuous consumption” for the wealthy

5. Workforce During The Gilded Age
Expansion of the workforce -> more farmers moving to cities for jobs
Led to lower wages and an increase in child labor
Emergence of unions - sought better working conditions and wages
Knights of Labor - SKILLED and UNSKILLED workers
American Federation of Labor (AFL) - only SKILLED workers
“New South” - sought to bring industrialization to the South
However sharecropping and tenant farming still persisted

6. Gilded Age Conflicts Battle over natural resources and land
Corporations v. Conservationists
Example - Sierra Club
Farmers sought to limit the effects of mechanized farming and dependence on RRs
The Grange - Organization of farmers, sought to regulate railroads and grain warehouses
Emergence of the Populist Party:
William Jennings Bryan – “Cross of Gold” speech
Wanted increased government control of RRs, telegraphs, etc.
Omaha Platform - election of senators, income tax, regulation of RRs, silver currency
Many ideas were later adopted during the Progressive Era
Income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot, etc.

8. Increase in Urbanization
“New” Immigration - Southern and Eastern Europe
Settled in cities, boomtown areas of the West
Heavily discriminated against – American Protective Association (similar to pre-Civil War “Know Nothings”)
Characteristics of cities:
Divided ethnically, racially, and economically
(Little Italy, China Town, etc.)
Provided jobs in factories to large numbers of women, immigrants, and African Americans
Emergence of political machines (Tammany Hall)
Provided social services in exchange for political support
Settlement Houses:
Jane Addams’ Hull House - helped immigrants and women transition to urban life

9. Transcontinental RR Westward settlement post-Civil War:
Many migrated due to:
Economic opportunities
Government policies (Homestead Act, RR subsidies, etc.)
As a result, treaties with Natives were often violated
Violence and conflict often occurred between settlers, Natives, and Mexican Americans as a result of expansion
No clear direction given in U.S. Constitution regarding Natives
Government response to Native resistance?
Military force - Chief Joseph, Custer’s Last Stand, Wounded Knee (1890)
Placing Natives onto small reservations (goal: end tribal identity)
Changing Native identities through assimilation
** Dawes Act - boarding schools, haircuts, etc.

10. 1890 - Last major conflict between Natives and U.S. military
Battle of Wounded Knee
Last major conflict between Natives and U.S. military

11. Gilded Age Politics
Focused on economic issues - tariffs, gold v. silver, laissez-faire policies, etc.
Government corruption called for many in the public to seek reform:
Local, state, and national levels
Referendum, Initiative, Recall – later adopted in Progressive era
Interstate Commerce Act – regulate RRs
Increase in nativism and racism
Plessy v. Ferguson – KNOW THIS!
Upheld the Constitutionality of Jim Crow Laws
Chinese Exclusion Act
American Protective Association

12. Intellectual Movements
Ways the wealthy justified their approaches and wealth
Gospel of Wealth - written by Carnegie, urged the wealthy to donate money
Social Darwinism - Herbert Spencer, applied Darwin’s ideas to humans
Rich deserved to be rich
Social Gospel:
Protestant Church Movement to improve cities and lives of the poor
Women and African Americans sought to challenge their “place” economically, politically, and socially
Booker T. Washington - encouraged vocational training
Ida B. Wells - outspoken critic of lynching in the South
Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Advocated women’s suffrage

13. Short Answer Questions
Briefly explain the point of view of the artist about ONE of the following:
- Western Farmers
- New York’s Wall Street
Briefly explain ONE development in the period from 1865 to 1900 that supported the artist’s point of view.
Briefly explain ONE development in the period from 1865 to 1900 that challenged the artist’s point of view.

14. Short Question ANSWERs

15. Long Essay Prompt
Analyze and evaluate the ways that both external and internal migration changed over time from 1830 to 1900.

16. Long Essay ANSWER

18. DBQ ANSWER