1. Political Geography Federal and Unitary States Cores and Peripheries
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
Supranationalism and Devolution

2. FEDERAL STATES
Political framework where the central government represents its political sub-units where they have common interests – defense, foreign affairs, etc.
But these sub-units retain their own identities, laws, policies, customs, etc.
Accommodates regional differences and enables diversity and unity to coexist

3. FEDERAL STATES
Geographer K.W. Robinson said, “The federal state is the most expressive of all political systems.”
What did he mean by this?

4. UNITARY STATES
State which has a centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Highly centralized
Political sub-units not seen as important as central government or the state
Appeasing minorities maybe not important
Government frameworks are set up to reinforce the central government’s power

5. Federal or Unitary. All Roads Lead to Paris Murphy, A. B
Federal or Unitary? All Roads Lead to Paris Murphy, A. B.; Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G.; and Jordan, Bella Bychdova.  The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography, 5th ed. (Lanham, MD and Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), p. 168

6. What is the geography to talk about here
What is the geography to talk about here? Unitary States of the World in blue – Federal States in gray

7. World Systems Theory Immanuel Wallerstein
The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy
The world has a three-tier structure
And borders don’t matter as much as they used to – how is that?

8. World Systems Theory Core – processes incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology. Periphery- processes incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology. Semi-periphery- places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. The Periphery is influenced, controlled and exploited by the Core and Semi-periphery

10. World Economy Norway $70,812 USA is $57,466
National economies tied together
Unevenly distributed
Gini Coefficient – 0 perfect egalitarianism and 1 means one person has all of the wealth
For Example, in 2016…
Haiti GDP is $739
USA is $57,466
Norway $70,812

11. Geopolitics – pp
Relationship between geography, power, politics and international relations
German School – explain why states are powerful and how to become powerful
British/American School – strategic advice to explain why states act like they do
Post WWII

12. Organic Theory – p. 245 Ratzel (1844-1904)
State is like a biological organism
Birth, maturity, decline and death
Needs nourishment. What do you think the state’s “nourishment” is?
Territory is the life-giving force – without it, the state will atrophy
Lebensraum

13. Heartland Theory – p. 246 Mackinder – Heartland Theory, 1904
“World Island” – control this and one can control the world
Rise of the USSR

14. Rimland Theory Spykman, 1942 Countered Mackinder’s Heartland
Power is gained by controlling the “rim” of the World Island
Basis for Cold War “Containment” policy

15. Centripetal- Forces within the state that unify the people
**Centripetal forces are maximized by cooperation Language Religion Strong Leadership External threat Education Ideology---Fascism, Communism, Democracy

16. Centrifugal – the forces within a state that divide it
Centrifugal forces are maximized by conflict Language Ethnic/Tribal groups Ethnic Separatism Religious conflict Economics Physical geographic barriers & differences

17. Supranationalism Go to page 237-243 in your hymnal
Define Supranationalism
Why would countries want to join together? EU
NAFTA
Other supranational organizations
Future of Supranationalism? EU today, economies?
UN map on pages

18. Devolution Go to pages 223-227 Define Devolution
Why would sub-state units want out of the larger state?
Ethnic Separatism movements?
Historic and contemporary examples
Longest state in the world without a government?
Map – page 226

19. Catalan in Spain http://international.reagrupament.cat/?page_id=386

20. Credit, Don Zeigler
NYT Nov. 26, A regional election in Spain handed power to separatist parties. Will there be a referendum on independence for Catalonia?

21. DEVOLUTION
Evidence of what? Support for Devolution. Demands that Madrid hand power over to Barcelona, which bills itself as the capital of Catalonia, and has proudly done so since the Olympics were held there in Note the use of English.
Evidence on the cultural landscape that not everyone who lives in the state of Spain shares Spanish nationality. Girona, 2005 – Credit, Don Zeigler

23. Devolution in the UK http://www. leeds. ac. uk/law/hamlyn/affects
Devolution in the UK and

24. Brexit – “Devolution” of Supranationalism?

25. Can you name some of these. http://www. harpercollege

27. Maybe Playground Politics can sum up states and their actions for us…
North Korea
Middle East
Africa
Mexico
Canada

28. You will find more examples of Devolution, Supranationalism, Centripetal and Centrifugal forces in your next exercise

32. MODERN Economies are TIED Together – Recession hits a major economy…