1. After Muhammad
Death of Muhammad in 632 led to establishment of caliphs, or successors to the prophet (Abu Bakr)
United tribes went on the offensive, establishing the caliphate

2. Expansion of Islam-to 632

3. Expansion first via military, then merchants, missionaries, Sufis
Sharia law governed all aspects of life in these conquered areas
Expansion led to factionalism within the umma
Sunnis-Followers of Abu Bakr
Shia-Followers of Ali

4. The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Capital in Damascus
Controlled by Arab military aristocracy
Required jizya from other faiths
Rebellion in Persia brought it to an end

5. The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
More cosmopolitan-Baghdad
Focused on consolidation rather than conquest
Islamic “Golden Age”
Increasingly dominated by Turkic peoples
Officially ended w/Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258