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Chapter 7 Skeletal System
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Skeleton – 206 bones Framework – bones support the body’s muscles, fat and skin Protection – bones protect vital organs. Levers - muscles attach to bones to help provide movement Production of blood cells- help produce red and white blood cells and platelets Storage – bones store calcium, phosphorus and fats
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Long Bone Structure diaphysis – long shaft epiphysis – ends of bone medullary canal – cavity in diaphysis endosteum – membrane that lines medullary canal; keeps yellow marrow intact periosteum – covering of the outside of the bone; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels osteoblasts(cells that form new bone tissue)
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Bone Structure Yellow marrow – storage area for fat cells; contains cells that form leukocytes (white blood cells) Red marrow – found some bones such as vertebrae, ribs, sternum and cranium; produces RBC, platelets, and WBC used to diagnose blood diseases used in transplants
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Skeletal System Sections
Axial Skeleton – forms main trunk of body skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone Appendicular Skeleton – forms extremities shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
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Cranium – protects the brain
fontanels – “soft spots”, allow for enlargement of skull as brain grows sutures – where cranial bones join together foramina – openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone
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Spinal Column 26 Bones Purpose is to protect the spinal cord and
provide support for the head and trunk
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Ribs 12 pairs True Ribs – 7 pairs; attach directly to sternum (breastbone) False Ribs – 3 pairs; attach to cartilage of the rib above Floating Ribs – 2 pairs; floating, no attachment to front of body
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Upper Body sternum – breastbone clavicles – collarbones scapulas – shoulder blades; provide attachment of upper arm bones
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Arm and Hand humerus – upper arm radius – lower arm on thumb side ulna – larger bone of lower arm with projection called olecranon process carpals – 8; wrist bones metacarpals – 5; palm of the hand phalanges – 14; fingers phalanges
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Legs Femur – large bone in thigh Patella – knee cap Tibia – (shin bone) larger weight bearing bone of lower leg Fibula – slender smaller bone of lower leg
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Feet tarsals – 7; ankle bones
calcaneus – heel bone (largest tarsal bone) metatarsals – 5; instep of foot phalanges – 14; toes phalanges metatarsals
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Joints – points where bones connect
Bones cannot bend so when 2 bones come together and need to move, they form a joint.
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Arthritis – inflammation of the joint Fractures – crack or break in bone Simple – complete break of bone with no damage to skin Compound – complete break of bone that ruptures the skin
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Dislocation – bone forcible displaced from a joint Sprain – twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Osteomyelitis – bone inflammation; infectious organisms cause the formation of an abscess within the bone and an accumulation of pus in the medullary canal Osteoporosis – porosity or softening of the bones
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Ruptured Disk – herniated or slipped disk, intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place causing pressure on spinal nerve
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Diseases & Abnormal Conditions
Spinal Curvatures scoliosis – side to side, curvature of spine kyphosis – hunchback, rounding bowing in thoracic area lordosis – swayback, inward curvature of lumbar region
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