1. Units Exam Weighting
Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy –22%
Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government 25–36%
Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights –18%
Unit 4: American Political Ideologies and Beliefs 10–15%
Unit 5: Political Participation –27%

2.  Section 1: Multiple Choice
55 Questions | 1 Hour 20 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Individual questions (no stimulus): ~30
Set-based questions
Quantitative Analysis: Analysis and application of quantitative- based source material
Qualitative Analysis: Analysis and application of text-based (primary and secondary) sources
Visual Analysis: Analysis and application of qualitative visual information

3. Section 2: Free Response
4 Questions | 1 Hour 40 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score
Concept Application: Respond to a political scenario, describe and explain the effects of a political institution, behavior, or process
Quantitative Analysis: Analyze quantitative data, identify a trend or pattern, or draw a conclusion from a visual representation and explain how it relates to a political principle, institution, process, policy, or behavior
SCOTUS Comparison: Compare a nonrequired Supreme Court case with a required Supreme Court case, explaining how information from the required case is relevant to the nonrequired one
Argument Essay: Develop an argument in the form of an essay, using evidence from required foundational documents and course concepts

4. Example:
1. Since 2008 the Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative Christian interest group, has promoted an annual event known as Pulpit Freedom Sunday. On this occasion, pastors are encouraged to challenge a provision of the tax law known as the Johnson Amendment, which prohibits political activity by certain nonprofit organizations, including religious organizations. While the Johnson Amendment does not restrict religious leaders from speaking out regarding social issues, it does prohibit them from contributing money to political campaigns or speaking out in favor or against candidates running for political office. On Pulpit Freedom Sunday, as an act of civil disobedience, pastors and religious leaders preach openly about the moral qualifications of candidates seeking office.
After reading the scenario, please respond to A, B, and C below.
A. Describe an action Congress could take to address the concerns of the interest group in the scenario.
B. In the context of the scenario, explain how partisan divisions could prevent the action described in part A.
C. Explain why the Alliance Defending Freedom might argue that their constitutional rights are threatened by the Johnson Amendment.

5. . This question requires you to compare a Supreme Court case you studied in class with one you have not studied in class. A summary of the Supreme Court case you did not study in class is presented below and provides all of the information you need to know about this case to answer the prompt. In the 1950s, Pete Hernandez, a Mexican American agricultural worker, was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life in prison by an all-white jury in Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez’s defense claimed that people of Mexican ancestry had been discriminated against in Jackson County. They pointed to the fact that no person of Mexican ancestry had served on a jury in 25 years and that the Jackson County Courthouse itself practiced segregation in its facilities. The five jury commissioners, who selected the members of the grand jury, testified under oath that they selected jurors based only on their qualifications and did not consider race or national origin in their decisions. In the ensuing case, Hernandez v. Texas (1954), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of Hernandez, deciding that evidence of discrimination against Mexican Americans existed in Jackson County and that the Constitution prohibits such discrimination.
Based on the information above, respond to the following questions.
A. Identify the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that was used as the basis for the decision in both Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and Hernandez v. Texas (1954).
B. Explain how the facts in both Brown v. Board of Education and Hernandez v. Texas led to a similar decision in both cases.
C. Explain how an interest group could use the decision in Hernandez v. Texas to advance its agenda

6. The United States Constitution establishes a federal system of government. Under federalism, policy making is shared between national and state governments. Over time, the powers of the national government have increased relative to those of the state governments. Develop an argument about whether the expanded powers of the national government benefits or hinders policy making. Use at least one piece of evidence from one of the following foundational documents:
The Articles of Confederation
Brutus 1
The Federalist 10
your essay, you must:
Articulate a defensible claim or thesis that responds to the prompt and establishes a line of reasoning.
Support your claim or thesis with at least TWO pieces of accurate and relevant evidence.
One piece of evidence must come from one of the foundational documents listed above.
A second piece of evidence can come from any other foundational document not used as your first piece of evidence, or it may be from your knowledge of course concepts.
Use reasoning to explain why your evidence supports your claim or thesis.
Respond to an opposing or alternative perspective using refutation, concession, or rebuttal.

7. One Republic—Two Americas?
Chapter 1
One Republic—Two Americas?

8. Politics and Government
What is politics?
The Process of resolving Conflicts & deciding Who gets what, when and how?
the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges.
What is government?
Formal institution through which decisions are made, resources are allocated, and conflicts are resolved.
LO 1.1 Define the institution of government and the process of politics.
Politics- The process of resolving conflicts and deciding “who gets what, when, and how.” More specifically, politics is the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges.
Government- The preeminent institution in which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges. It is unique because it has the ultimate authority within society.
Institutions- An ongoing organization that performs certain functions for society.

9. What caused them to discontinue travel (nomadism) and settle down?
History Government?
1. Evolutionary Theory – man traveled in pacts small enough to survive (Show Mankind:Story of Us 5:35-11:00)
What caused them to discontinue travel (nomadism) and settle down?
Show History of Us: (disc 1) 16:40-25:00
2. Force Theory – why did one people take over land of other people?
Divine Right of Kings- A political and religious doctrine that asserts a monarch’s legitimacy is conferred directly by God and as such a king is not subject to any earthly authority, including his people or the church.
Social Contract- A theory of politics that asserts that individuals form political communities by a process of mutual consent, giving up a measure of their individual liberty in order to gain the protection of government.

10. 3. Devine Right Theory
Belief that God created the state making it sovereign & the govt is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The people (population) must obey the ruler.
Right of rulers in a monarch (one ruler) is developed directly from God and is only accountable to God because God created the state.
Also that God had given those of royal birth a "divine right" to rule, without consent of the people. (About thousand yrs)
To oppose ruler is to oppose God!! (use faith & fear to keep power) (WWII why wouldn’t Japanese surrender?)
video History 101 –Devine Right of Kings 3:00
Any Devine rulers today?
Saudi Arabia, N.Korea, Swaiziland (What countries still have kings or Queens? Video 3:03
Examples: Egyptians, Chinese, Aztecs & Kings of Europe
Ancient Times & again after dark ages: fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries

11. 4. Social Contract Theory
Beginning in 1600s, Europeans began to challenge the Divine Right Theory why?
(Renaissance & Enlightenment Era) (After Black Death) show Plague (0- 1:09 & 1hr12min-1:13.55
(questions about divine right made king supporter Thomas Hobbes find new reasons why it should exist)(justify justify & justify)
Printing press let ideas be circulated & spread
Thomas Hobbes in England-civil peace and social unity are best achieved by the establishment of a commonwealth through social contract. (1600s)
Hobbes depicts the natural condition of mankind-- known as the state of nature--as inherently violent and awash with fear (man is inherently evil)
The state of nature is the "war of every man against every man," in which people constantly seek to destroy one another (anarchy)

12. This state of nature is so horrible that human beings naturally seek peace, and the best way to achieve peace is to construct the social contract.
The contract is the act of giving up certain natural rights and transferring them to someone else for peace & protection.
believed that an absolute monarch could best keep the “social contract.”

13. A primitive example if you want would be that two people meet in the woods looking for berries.
Both have guns and are distrustful of the other.
They are constantly looking over their shoulders at each other out of fear which prevents them from going about their berry gathering.
Eventually they both agree to a "contract" that they will both give up their guns at the same time.
They do this because whilst you do not want to give up your gun, it means that you don't have to worry about getting shot in the back so times are more productive. 

14. John Locke took the Social Contract a step further:
What is a real contract?
Contractarianism: crash course video 0-9:31
Is Hobbes idea a real contract?
In 1688 G.B. Parliament threw out King James & invited William & Mary to take the throne
Locke defended parliament’s overthrow of the King:
John Locke went into exile because of his fierce criticisms against King James. After exile, Locke wrote:

15. “all humans are born with a blank slate as a mind and it is through experience that we get the knowledge of ideas.”  A blank slate- The environment in which one lives influences if one is good or bad. man not born evil
“people are BORN with and should maintain certain natural rights.” (We have rights?)
the reason for the formation of a group (govt) is to protect the ownership of property and liberty. How different from Hobbes?
Locke believes that governments or the “state” are formed for this purpose. (protection of property)
John Locke Continued:

16. How is this different than Hobbes? Hobbes said you could do nothing!
argued governments are created to protect our “natural rights” of life, liberty and property (sound familiar?)
“when government failed to preserve the rights of the people, the people had the right to break the contract” (omg! This is new) how do you break it?
How is this different than Hobbes?
Hobbes said you could do nothing!
American Colonists use this as justification a century later to break away from GB (what document?)
Dec of Independence

17. Other Important Social Contract thinkers:
Rousseau: Jean Jacque Rousseau, philosopher from the enlightenment.
Men in state of nature are free & equal. (innately good but civilization corrupted him)
How has this view of man evolved from Hobbes?
Evil, Blank Slate to Good
Swiss philosopher who believed direct democracy (all participate) would best ensure peoples’ freedoms.
voter participation in U.S.? = what was it in Presidential Election of 2016?
58%
In the contract, we surrender to the collective will of the people not to one indivdual
Rep. Dem. isn’t enough – we must all be involved for the state to work –direct democracy (“you have duties as a citizen” –what are our duties as Americans??
Vote, obey laws, serve on jury, pay taxes

18. To prevent abuse separation of power must be built into state.
Montesquieu:
French philosopher who argued for a monarchy but under a system of “Separation of Powers.” (only way to ensure social contract theory doesn’t go astray)
To prevent abuse separation of power must be built into state.
"checks and balances" Executive Legislative & Judicial
He wrote, "When the [law making] and [law enforcement] powers are united in the same person... there can be no liberty."
Give examples of checks & balances in our system:

19. VETO
OVERRIDE
APPOINT FEDERAL JUDGES
CONFIRM FEDERAL JUDGES
IMPEACHMENT President
Impeach Judge
Pardon, reprieve or commutation
Rule a law unconstitutional
Confirm cabinet heads (Wilbur Ross sec. of Commerce)
RATIFICATION OF TREATIES

20. Purposes of Government:
To carry out these tasks, government must make decisions that are binding on all citizens.
Govt has the authority to require all to obey & punish those who don’t.
Governments get this authority from one of 2 sources:
1. Legitimate means (social contract)Democracies are based on legitimacy (consent of the people)
2. Coercive force (authoritarian) (no social contract) (Force or Devine Right Theory) (Illegitimate)
Syria, Iran, China & North Korea & Russia (some will claim legitimacy but w/ no free press not true)

21. Full democracies(legitimate)-dark green
Flawed democracies (somewhat legitimate)- light green
Hybrid regimes- yellow
Authoritarian regimes -red to dark red
Insufficient information -grey  

22. Why is Government Necessary?
To provide public goods and services
Provide security
Protect liberty
Enforce property rights
Exercise authority consistent with fundamental values of those governed
LO 1.2 Identify the political philosophers associated with the “social contract” and explain how this theory shapes our understanding of the purpose of government and the role for individuals and communities in the United States.

23. Why is Government Necessary?
We might not always like govt but we like the absence of govt even less.
Think of a situation when you depended on the services of govt and it wasn’t there.
Govt are necessary to provided public goods & services that we all need but cannot reasonably provide for ourselves: ex?
National security & defense, police, protection from big business such as monopolies
Why is Government Necessary?

24. :Purposes of Government
1. Maintaining Social Order:
People need govt to maintain social order because they have not yet discovered a way to live in groups w/ out conflict. (SON)
Types of conflict among men:
1. property disputes
2. boundary disputes
3. take advantage of weaker groups.
So governments:
1. place limits (what you can & can’t do)
2. provide law & order (est. laws that are known & prosecutable if violated so peace & justice)
3. require people to do things they wouldn’t do unless required (pay taxes, obey laws)
4. resolve disagreements peacefully (unbiased courts)- criminal & civil
w/ out government, Civilized life wouldn’t be possible.

25. 2. Providing Public Services:
“The legitimate object of government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done but cannot do for themselves in their separate and individual capacities.” Abraham Lincoln, 1854
Provide essential services that make community life possible
Ex. Sewer system, laws, protecting public health, prevent spoiled food served, require people to pass driving tests or establish currency $.
2. Providing Public Services:

26. 3. Providing National Security
Protect people against attack by other states. From historical times of the Roman Empire protecting from outside threats of Germanic tribes or Carthage…. to the European nations protection from Hitler…
to U.S. protection against nuclear war or terrorism (foreign & domestic)
strong military helps with this goal. (U.S. military top next 10 don’t equal ours)
Today we even considered protection from cyber warfare a necessity of our government.
Protects economic security by enacting trade agreements w/ other countries
3. Providing National Security

27. 4. Making economic decisions
Governments intervene in economic affairs to combat the extremes of economic cycles or to promote a foreign policy plan -
Federal Reserve pumps $ into circulation during recessions & pulls $ out during inflation.
FED raises & lowers interest rates, monitors banks & protects overall economy in U.S.
4. Making economic decisions

28. 2 questions political scientists ask when defining a form of government:
1. How many can participate?
2. Where is the power located?

29. How many can participate?
Autocracy = one can participate -any system of government which the power & authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual:
Usually gain power by inheritance (king or emperor) or force (dictator) or If by inheritance: king, queen, shah or emperor
Characteristics: no input from group, leader takes all responsibility
Autocracies: Cuba, Belarus, Eritrea, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Arab Emirates, Oman, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
absolute monarchs are different from constitutional monarchs Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland = Absolute monarchs
Ex. G.B., Belgium, Japan, Sweden, & Netherlands = Ceremonial monarch/Constitutional monarchs (green) (Don’t fall under autocracy)
How many can participate?
gre
Constitutional Monarchies include: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bahrain, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Spain, St Christopher and Nevis, St Luca, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Sweden, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

30. Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Brunei
an 18-year-old high school student, disappeared from her school in October Her mother learned that her daughter had been taken by the King’s men made his wife and has since had 2 children
Swaziland
His regime has been accused of using torture and excessive force to control the masses
Africa's last absolute monarch
63% of Swazis live on less than $1.25 per day
King Mswati is worth a reported $200 million

31. Oligarchy – small group holds power 3 Types: (change to 4)
If Few Participate?
Oligarchy – small group holds power
3 Types: (change to 4)
1. Junta (military) ex. Fiji, old Iraq, (Fiji Thailand & Central African Republic) Japan during WWII (video: the Empire of Japan 2.0)
2. Theocratic (religious) ex. Iran, Isis, Afghanistan, Sudan, Nigeria, Vatican
(videos before & after What is Sharia Law & honor killings)
3. Communist – China (old USSR), Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea (both Junta & Communist) (economic & political control - shared wealth)
4. aristocratic – royal family –Saudi Arabia

32. Representative Democracy: ex. U.S. 2 types: (copy in notes)
If Many Participate?
Representative Democracy: ex. U.S.
2 types: (copy in notes)
Presidential – legislative & executive separated (has a president) (Montesquieu)
Parliamentary – legislative & executive the same (has a prime minister leading parliament) (GB)

33. (only small communities - no nations) (Athens Greece)
If all participate?
it is Direct Democracy
(only small communities - no nations) (Athens Greece)
direct democracy characteristics but no countries: 
referendum, initiative, and recall are direct democracy characteristics

34. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.
Direct Democracy as a Model (Athens ex)
Legislature - composed of all citizens -women & slaves excluded because not citizens. (high level participation might lead to instability however if informed trusted to make good decisions.
Other examples: Switzerland & Iceland
New England town meetings included all voters making decisions such as levying taxes, hiring officials, deciding local ordinances. (decisions made by majority vote)
Direct Democracy- A system of government in which political decisions are made by the people directly, rather than by their elected representatives; probably attained most easily in small political communities.
Legislature- A governmental body primarily responsible for the making of laws.
Initiative- A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
Referendum- An electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature to the voters for approval or disapproval.
Recall- A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired.
© 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.

35. Characteristics in Representative Democracy of Direct Democracy are: (modern adaptation)
Initiative
Referendum
Recall

37. STATES WITH RECALL

38. five problems of Initiative & Referendums:
1. the procedures regulating them may fail to protect voters adequately against poor drafting, multiple propositions on one issue, and late legal challenges.
2. ballot measures may contain provisions which invidiously discriminate or deny civil or human rights.
3. the quantity of propositions in elections can confuse voters.
4. educating voters about an increased number of ballot measures has become increasingly difficult and decreasingly effective.
5. voters may fail to account for the effects which may arise from the enactment or defeat of ballot measures.

39. Why is Virginia not included on the map?
Virginia have access to only one of the six generally accepted forms of direct democracy: They can accept or reject a new constitutional amendment if their state legislature wants the new change. Their state legislature is required by law to get voter approval of constitutional amendments.
Provisions for amending the Virginia Constitution are laid out in Article XII of the constitution.
Any amendment to the Constitution must first be passed by a majority in each of the two houses of the legislative houses. The proposed amendment must then be held over for consideration by the succeeding elected legislature, where it must again be passed by a majority in each house. The amendment then goes on the general ballot and becomes enacted into the Constitution if approved by a majority of the voters.
Citize ns of 

40. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.
The Dangers of Direct Democracy
Framers were opposed to it. Why?
1. Feared democracy would deteriorate to mob rule
2. Masses uneducated
3. Too prone to demagogues (leader who manipulates popular prejudices)
4. Too likely to subordinate minority rights to the tyranny of the majority.
For points what safe guards did founders put in Constitution because of their fear of mob rule?
© 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.

41. 1. Electoral College
2. State legislatures elects members of the U.S. Senate to offset the House (17th amend changed this)
3. 3/5th Clause because it ensured protection to slave holders who were leaders
4. Judges for life so approve fleeting passions of masses.

42. Parliamentary systems
Presidential Democracies are Blue
Parliamentary systems

43. 1. China’s 50 man ruling power makes all govt decisions
Name the classification that decides how many participate: ONE=Autocracy (Absolute Monarchy or Dictatorship) FEW=Oligarchy (Juanta, theocracy, aristocracy or communism) MANY= Rep Democracy (presidential or parliamentary)
1. China’s 50 man ruling power makes all govt decisions
2. In 2014 Egypt’s General Sisi lead a coup d'état & est a military run country.
3. Iran holds elections but they fall short of democratic standards due in part to the influence of an unelected body. Ultimate power rests in the hands of the country’s religious leaders & the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
4. GB government is led by the Prime Minister, who selects all the remaining ministers. The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to Parliament.
5. Sadam Hussein led the 1968 a military coup that brought him to power until his removal by U.S. declaration of war on Iraq when Sadam went into hiding and found in a hole in 2003.
6. The U.S. has elected lawmakers separated from an elected executive leader who enforces those laws.
7. King Salaman has assumed all power over Saudi Arabia last year from his father & has executed a Saudi American resident who wrote critical articles of him & nothing has happened to the king as a result
8. Germany’s chancellor Angela Merkel is leader chosen by Parliament & therefore Executive leader (prime minister) as well.
9. Vladimir Putin rules Russia with an iron fist & yield all power.
10. Venezuelan people suffering from hyper inflation & an abusive government have risen up against Madero who refuses to yield power to an elected leader
11. The Vatican City’s Pope yields total religious & governmental control over the Vatican City State.
theories of origin of the state
features of the state

44. Politics and Government 4 of 6
Fundamental Values
To what extent do American citizens continue to share in a single political culture?
Families, schools, houses of worship, and media play a role in political socialization
LO 1.3 Describe the U.S. political culture and identify the set of ideas, values, and ways of thinking about government and politics shared by all.
Political Culture-The set of ideas, values, and ways of thinking about government and politics that is shared by all citizens.
Political Socialization-The process through which individuals learn a set of political attitudes and from opinions about social issues. Families and the educational system are two of the most important forces in the political socialization process.

45. Principles of American govt
Fundamental Values (how do shared values come about?)
Political Socialization: process through which individuals learn a set of political attitudes and form opinions about social issues from family or educational systems
1. Liberty - greatest freedom of individuals
2. Order and the Rule of Law – a state of peace and security. Maintaining order by protecting members of society from violence and criminal activity
3. Individualism – belief in autonomy of individuals from traditions when individuals didn’t determine their own destiny. (D of I by TJ:
4. Equality - as a political value, the idea that all people are of equal worth.
5. Property - anything that is or may be subject to ownership. As conceived by the political philosopher John Locke, the right to property is a natural right superior to human law (laws made by government).
Capitalism - an economic system characterized by the private ownership of wealth creating assets, free markets, and freedom of contract.
However nothing is absolute: What are the limitations to these values?
For example 5. Property - Eminent domain - a power set forth in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that allows government to take private property for public use under the condition that just compensation is offered to the landowner
“When in the course of Human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature’s god entitle them. By separate and equal station Thomas Jefferson was asserting the autonomy of the individual.

46. Theories of What Kind of Democracy We Have?
Democracy for everyone
Majoritarianism
Democracy for the few
Elite theory
Democracy for groups
Pluralism
Majoritarianism-A political theory holding that, in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want.
Elite theory- A perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who hold the ultimate power to further their self-interests.
Pluralism- A theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups. Political decision making is characterized by compromise and accommodation.
© 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.

47. Majoritarianism-A political theory holding that, in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want.

48. the power of the majority thus needs to last in order to seem legitimate
The French, under the old monarchy, held as a given that the king could do no wrong and when he happened to do something wrong, they thought that the fault was with his advisors.
This facilitated obedience marvelously. You could murmur against the law, without ceasing to love and respect the law-maker.
Americans have the same opinion about the majority.
however majorities can agree on issues with outcomes harmful to minorities
Sometimes the majority even allows govt to go outside of this circle. Guaranteed by the opinion of the greatest number and strong because of their support, they then dare things that would be astonishing Alexis de Tocqueville on the Tyranny of the Majority
Examples?
Ex. Several States (CA & TN) agreed on a ban of gay marriage but U.S. courts & finally Supreme Court using Due Process & Equal Protection of the 14th Amendment reversed these referendums.

49. Elite theory- A perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who hold the ultimate power to further their self-interests.
Elite democracy in action: a small subset of citizens makes political decisions. Those who make policy are usually wealthier and more educated than the average citizen.
those who are in power are highly qualified to make political decisions.
An example is the Electoral College. The Electoral College is used in presidential elections and determines the outcome of most elections. Under this system, a candidate might win the popular vote in an election (meaning more citizens voted to elect them than their opponent), but lose the electoral vote, and thus the presidency. The Electoral College is intended to provide a check on voters and act as a safeguard in case the voters make an unwise decision.

50. Pluralism- A theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups. Political decision making is characterized by bargaining & compromising.
Pluralist democracy in action: policymaking is open to lots of groups who have different interests.
Each of these groups has the potential to influence policymaking, but no one group dominates all political decisions.
An example of today is the participation of interest groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA) and Global Green USA.
Both of these groups raise funds for candidates, promote candidates, and strive to influence current members of Congress on political decisions.
Interest groups are an example of pluralist democracy because citizens join groups to influence policymakers, rather than having direct access to political decisions.

52. Forms of Government
Totalitarian regime - A form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation.
Authoritarianism - A type of regime in which only the government is fully controlled by the ruler. Social and economic institutions exist that are not under the government’s control.
Aristocracy - Rule by “the best”; in reality, rule by an upper class.
Oligarchy - Rule by the few in their own interests.
Democracy - A system of government in which political authority is vested in the people. Derived from the Greek words demos (“the people”) and kratos (“authority”).
Anarchy - The absence of any form of government or political authority.
LO 1.4 Compare and contrast types of government systems and identify the source of power in each.
Totalitarian Regime- A form of government that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation.
Authoritarianism- A type of regime in which only the government is fully controlled by the ruler. Social and economic institutions exist that are not under the government’s control.
Aristocracy- Rule by “the best”; in reality, rule by an upper class.
Oligarchy- Rule by the few in their own interests.
Democracy- A system of government in which political authority is vested in the people. Derived from the Greek words demos (“the people”) and kratos (“authority”).
Anarchy- The absence of any form of government or political authority.

53. 2. Where is the power located?
If the power is located in the national government and the states have little to no power – 1. Unitary
A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (states) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate.
The great majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. (Easiest)
The U.S. under GB was ruled in a unitary way

54. Unitary Systems (answering question: where is power located
Unitary Systems (answering question: where is power located?) (these are autocratic, oligarchy & democracies)

55. 2. Confederate System
Loose union of independent states w/ most or all power resting w/ individual local govts.
Ex. ??? None today
U.S. under Articles & South during Civil War
Serbia and Montenegro ( ) was a confederation that was formed by the two remaining republics of Yugoslavia. (only share defense, foreign affairs & president) (now 2 separate countries)(they don’t last)
Switzerland, known as the Swiss Confederation is an ex. of a modern country that refers to itself as a confederation. However, Switzerland is a confederation only in name. (1847 Catholic states tried to separate)(closest state to being Confederate)
(EU) or (UN) bears some resemblance confederation (how?) (but not states) (ex. EU) (video on EU)

56. 3. Federal System:
Government that divides the power between a national government and individual states or local systems
Each level has sovereignty in some areas.
Driver’s licenses age, min wage, gun laws, marriage laws, free college, graduation requirements, business laws, taxes, death penalty.
The U.S. formed a Federal System after all the failings of the Articles of Confederation (Constitutional Convention, 1787)
EX. Canada, Mexico, Australia, Brazil, India & Russia (about 23 states today are Federal)
State powers: anything not listed in Constitution given to the national govt. 10th amendment guarantee to the states.
Blue-Unitary
Green-Federal

57. Review questions
Which model of democracy does Federalist No. 10 describe? How do you know?
Which model of democracy does Brutus No. 1 describe? How do you know?
Based on what you've learned, construct an argument for which type of democracy you think creates the most stable form of government that is run by the people.

58. Show Federalism youtube video
Russia
Canada
Belgium
Germany
Austria
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Switzerland
USA
Nepal
Pakistan
Mexico
UAE
Sudan
India
Ethiopia
Venezuela
Nigeria
Malaysia
Brazil
Comoros
Vanuatu
Australia
Argentina
Show Federalism youtube video
Blue = Unitary
Green = Federal

59. Federalist #10 v. Brutus #1 (anti-federalists)
documents/primary-source-documents/the- federalist-papers/federalist-papers-no-10/
freedom.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/docume nt/attachment/440/Brutus_No_1_Excerpts_A nnotated_Proof_3__1_.pdf