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Mapping the Conflict and Convergence of Empires
Dr. Zoltán Grossman Geography/World Indigenous Peoples Studies, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Wash.
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All without leaving his
Ivan’s border changes Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (before WWI) Grew up in Czechoslovakia (after WWI) Fought in Hungary (during WWII) Grew old in the Soviet Union (after WWII) Died in Ukraine (after 1991) Notes All without leaving his hometown of Mukachevo, in Transcarpathia
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Ivan in Austria- Hungary
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Ivan in Czecho- slovakia
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xxxxxxx xxxx Ivan in Hungary I
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Ivan in the Soviet Union
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Poor Ivan in Ukraine I
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European religions : Legacy of Empires
Catholic in Southwest/Central Protestant in Northwest Orthodox in East/Southeast Muslim in part of Southeast
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Growth of Russian Empire
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U.S. & Russia Westward (or eastward) expansion of land-based empire
Settler colonialism on Native lands Railroads enable settlement End to slavery (or serfdom), 1860s
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Kievan Rus (988-1239) First “Russian” state, founded around Kiev.
Scandinavian Proto-Slavs settle on Dnieper trade route at Kiev (Kyyiv), c. 862 First “Russian” state, founded around Kiev. Vladimir I converted to Orthodox Christianity, 988. Sacked by Mongols, 1239
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Eastern Orthodoxy Patriarch was at Byzantine capital
Constantinople (Istanbul) Close links with secular authority Suffering linked with salvation Cyrillic alphabet (derived from Greek)
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Serbian*-Croatian-Bosnian
Slavic Peoples Today WEST Polish Czech Slovak EAST Russian* Ukrainian* Belarusian* SOUTH Slovene Serbian*-Croatian-Bosnian Bulgarian* Macedonian* *-Majority Orthodox Christian
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Mongol Empire (1200s-1400s) including Tatars’ Khanate of the Golden Horde (green). Russian principalities pay tribute as vassals. . Novgorod RUSSIAN PRICIPALITIES
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Russians moved north, founded principality at Moscow 1325
Muscovy Russians moved north, founded principality at Moscow 1325
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Muscovy Center of Orthodoxy after Ottomans take Constantinople, Absorbed other principalities, 1400s Independent 1476; conquered Tatars 1500s
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Growth of Russia, Feudal state, based on relationship of lord to serfs (peasant “slave”) “Russification” of minorities
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Russian expansion,
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Russia at maximum extents
Finland Poland Tuva Bessarabia (Moldova) Chechnya Iran
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Barriers to Russian expansion
WEST Swedes, Poles, Lithuanians (Invaded by French, Germans) EAST Japanese, Americans (Alaska 1867) SOUTH Ottomans (Turks), Persians (Iranians), British (in India)
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French crossed into Orthodox Russia; turned back from Moscow, 1812
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French turned back from Moscow, 1812
German invaders later faced identical fate
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Russians contained in SW by Ottomans, Brits, French
Crimean War, Russians contained in SW by Ottomans, Brits, French
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xxxx
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Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
British drew from Ratzel’s geographic view of state as organism
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Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Whoever controls “Heartland” (Pivot Area) can control world Fed “Great Game” between Britain, Russia, 1800s-1900s Maritime powers need control in “Rimland” (Inner Crescent), esp. Middle East Prevent Russo-German alliance or Russian control of Germany
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Poland-Lithuania Catholic power to the west, 1450-1699
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Partitions of Poland by Austria, Russia, Prussia 1772 1793 1795
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Poland- Lithuania
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Russian Empire
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Jewish “Pale”
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Divide-and-conquer Ethnic nations split between
Berlin Conference divides map of Africa, 1884 Ethnic nations split between and within colonial empires (British, French, etc.) But “clean” ethnic boundaries also not possible
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African colonies
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Ottoman Empire Losses, 1878
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Macedonia claimed by Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece
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Muslims as Ottoman Legacy
SANJAK (Serb.-Mont.) TURKS (Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova) ALBANIANS (Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia) BOSNIANS (Bosniaks: converted Serbo-Croats) Turkey Pécs church in Hungary (former mosque)
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Austro-Hungarian Empire
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Balkans shatterbelt Meeting of Orthodox, Catholics, Muslims
Competition between Russian (Orthodox), Ottoman (Muslim), Austrian (Catholic) spheres “Balkanization”
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Balkans shatterbelt Immense ethnic diversity; Small groups
become proxies for empires
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Caucasus shatterbelt Patchwork of ethnic diversity Meeting of Orthodox
Christians, Sunni and Shi’a Muslims Competition between Russian, Ottoman, Persian spheres
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Legacy of Empires European religions : Catholic in Southwest/Central
Protestant in Northwest Orthodox in East/Southeast Muslim in part of Southeast
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Industry: Canals & Railroads
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Industry: Pop Growth 1870- 1910
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Industry: Pop Growth 1870- 1910
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Culture/ Education through 1700s
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Culture/ Education Pre-1914
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Why was Russia poor?
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Russian Empire Industrialization, late 1800s
Czars more open to Western investment Rail-based industry: Heartland, Urals, Ukraine Slower rise of industrial working class
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Modernizers vs. Slavophiles
Westernizers Pro-industrial Capitalists & Socialists Russia as state Eurasians Pro-peasantry Royalists & populists Russia as nation Not up to West’s technical, military standards; Peter and Catherine emphasized links to West
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Decolonization, 1940s-1990s
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Breakup of Soviet Union/Russian Empire, 1991
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“Clash of Civilizations” theory
Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic, Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other. Fails to recognize differences within each “bloc”
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Critiques of “Clash of Civilizations” theory
Most sources of conflict are local (often ethnic), not religious. Often blames the victim for the conflict (Chechens, etc). West shares responsibility (military aid arms both sides) Ignores differing levels of Development which (like relgion) Is a legacy of the empires
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Better-off first to revolt
Soviet empire extended too far into Catholic/Protestant West, just as Napoleon & Hitler crossed into Orthodox East Poland, Hungary in Warsaw Pact Baltic States in USSR Better off first to secede to guard status: Slovenia, Croatia in Yugoslavia Czech Rep. in Czechoslovakia
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“Push” of USSR, “Pull” of EU
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European Union Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957.
EU decision 1988; Implemented 1994 Revolutions between dates
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European Union Croatia (2013) Candidates: Montenegro Macedonia Turkey
Iceland
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Eurozone Official: Finland Estonia Slovakia Slovenia Latvia (2014)
Unofficial: Montenegro Kosovo
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Schengen Area EU border controls lifted startng 1995
Mainland Catholic, Protestant countries (except Croatia) Includes 3 non-EU, but EU members Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus delayed in joining
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A “Blue Curtain”? Eastern Europe as a “Mexico” for West?
Less developed economy; Reserve for labor? Hungarian border towers moved from Austria to Romania
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A “Blue Curtain”? Catholic/Protestant West Orthodox/Muslim East
Will Orthodox/Muslim be welcome in EU “club”? Greece in EU but foreign/ econ policies unwelcome; Romania/Bulgaria not fully welcomed
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Religious minorities Orthodox stuck in West:
Serbs in Croatia (expelled) Russians in Kaliningrad Russians in Baltic States
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Religious minorities Catholics stuck in East: Croats in Bosnia
Hungarians in Romania “Uniates” in western Ukraine Poles in Ukraine/Belarus Also Lutheran Karelian Finns in Russia
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Remnant Boundaries: Poland’s 2007 Parliamentary Election
Civic Platform (PO) Free market economics/ Socially liberal Law & Justice (PiS) Economic populist/ Socially conservative Left & Democrats (LiD) Capitalist/Populist/ German Empire Russian Empire
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Remnant Boundaries: Ukraine’s 2004 Elections
Yushchenko Yanukovych Which Viktor?
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First runoff, November 21
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First runoff, November 21 49.4% 46.7%
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Evidence of electoral fraud in first runoff, November 21
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Fears of ethnic division
Ukrainians in west, north Russians in red in east, south Many Ukrainians prefer Russian Prime Minister Yanukovych meets Russian President Putin
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November 21 runoff election
49.4% 46.7%
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The “Orange Revolution”
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Tent City in Kiev Thousands of Yushchenko supporters camp out in
Independence Square to back new election
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“Clean Ukraine” Yushchenko backers against corruption, lean West to EU
supporters converge in Kiev Donetsk region (coal & Russians) threatens self-rule if Yushchenko takes power
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Democracy protests grow
Serbia & Georgia turned back electoral fraud (attempt in Belarus) West criticizes Russian interference; Russia criticizes Western aid Flags of Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus etc.
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Not all protesters were for democracy
Ukrainian nationalists in UNA-UNSO (fascist/anti- Semitic party) backed Revolution as stand against Russians. Led to Svoboda (fascist) party, Pravy Sektor (Nazis)
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Lampoons of President Kuchma & Yanukovych
Kuchma began to withdraw support for his Prime Minister SBU (ex-KGB) warns Tent City of Interior Ministry assault Supreme Court orders new runoff
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Yanukovych wins First Runoff, November 21
49.4% 46.7%
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Yushchenko wins Second Runoff, December 26
44% 52%
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Yushchenko Becomes President, Jan. 2005
Calls for EU membership, Iraq pullout Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko later becomes rival Independence Square in Kiev
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Home-grown or Western-inspired or both?
“Color Revolutions” Home-grown or Western-inspired or both?
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2006 Parliamentary Election
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2010 Presidential Election
Viktor Yanukovych 49.0% Yulia Tymoshenko 45.5% Tymoshenko Yanukovych
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