1. Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.

2. Communication is the sharing of messages between individuals
Communication is the sharing of messages between individuals It may be transmitted orally, by the written word or by the use of body language.

3. There are different categories of communication:
Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent.
Written Communication: letters, s, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages.

4. The desired outcome or goal of any communication process is understanding.

6. The Communication Process
A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel (verbal, nonverbal, written, visual)to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message (the information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance.

7. Communication Channels is the way in which we communicate.
There are multiple communication channels available:
face-to-face conversations,
telephone calls,
text messages, ,
the Internet (including social media such as Facebook and Twitter),
radio and TV,
written letters, brochures and reports.

8. Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process
Effective communication involves minimizing potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process.

9. Barriers: A skilled communicator must be aware of these barriers and try to reduce their impact by continually checking understanding and by offering appropriate feedback.
The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express
their emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo.
Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
(Differences in perception and viewpoint.)
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the nonverbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective.

10. Barriers: A skilled communicator must be aware of these barriers and try to reduce their impact by continually checking understanding and by offering appropriate feedback.
Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. 
People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.
Cultural differences.  The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed.
For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between
different social settings.

11. Personal space

12. Encoding Messages
All messages must be encoded into a form that can be conveyed by the communication channel chosen for the message.

13. Communication Channel
Choosing an appropriate communication channel is vital for effective communication as each communication channel has different strengths and weaknesses.

14. Decoding Messages
Once received, the receiver/s need to decode the message. Successful decoding is also a vital communication skill.

15. Feedback
Receivers of messages are likely to provide feedback on how they have understood the messages through both verbal and non-verbal reactions

16. Effective communicators
Pay close attention to this feedback as it the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected.

17. Listening Tips Paraphrase Repeat Probe Clarify Remember
The message to the speaker in order to confirm your understanding
Repeat
The message to help you remember what was said
Probe
For missing information
Clarify
Any points that you might not completely understand
Remember
The important points of the message for future application/use

19. 7 Levels of Listening Not Listening Pretend Listening
Not paying attention to or ignoring the other person’s communication
Pretend Listening
Giving the impression that you are paying attention
Partially Listening
Focusing on part of the other person’s communication
Focused Listening
Giving the other person your undivided attention

20. 7 Levels of Listening Interpretive Listening Interactive :Listening
1. Going beyond paying attention and trying to fully understand
Interactive :Listening
1. Being involved. Asking clarifying questions / acknowledging understanding
Engaged Listening
1. Being fully engaged. Listening to the other person’s views, feelings, interpretations, values, etc., concerning the communication and sharing yours as well with the other person(s).
2. Engaged in listening, both parties are given the opportunity to fully express their views, feelings and ideas.

21. Therapeutic Communication
Therapeutic communication is a tool employed by health professionals to facilitate discussion with the patient.
It is an important part of building a therapeutic interpersonal relationship, whether educating the patient or eliciting information for analysis.

23. Gesture: Brisk, erect walk Meaning: Confidence
Gesture: Standing with hands on hips Meaning: Readiness, aggression
Gesture: Sitting with legs crossed, foot kicking slightly Meaning: Boredom
Gesture: Sitting, legs apart Meaning: Open, relaxed
Gesture: Arms crossed on chest Meaning: Defensiveness

24. Gesture: Walking with hands in pockets, shoulders hunched Meaning: Dejection
Gesture: Hand to cheek Meaning: Evaluation, thinking
Gesture: Touching, slightly rubbing nose Meaning: Rejection, doubt, lying
Gesture: Rubbing the eye Meaning: Doubt, disbelief
Gesture: Hands clasped behind back Meaning: Anger, frustration, apprehension

25. Gesture: Locked ankles Meaning: Apprehension
Gesture: Head resting in hand, eyes downcast Meaning: Boredom
Gesture: Rubbing hands Meaning: Anticipation
Gesture: Sitting with hands clasped behind head, legs crossed Meaning: Confidence, superiority
Gesture: Open palm Meaning: Sincerity, openness, innocence

26. Gesture: Pinching bridge of nose, eyes closed Meaning: Negative evaluation
Gesture: Tapping or drumming fingers Meaning: Impatience
Gesture: Steepling fingers Meaning: Authoritative
Gesture: Patting/fondling hair Meaning: Lack of self-confidence; insecurity
Gesture: Quickly tilted head Meaning: Interest

27. Gesture: Stroking chin Meaning: Trying to make a decision
Gesture: Looking down, face turned away Meaning: Disbelief
Gesture: Biting nails Meaning: Insecurity, nervousness
Gesture: Pulling or tugging at ear Meaning: Indecision
Gesture: Prolonged tilted head Meaning: Boredom

28. Passive, Aggressive, Assertive Communication

29. Passive Communication
When using passive communication, an individual does not express their needs or feelings
Passive individuals often do not respond to hurtful situations, and instead allow themselves to be taken advantage of or the be treated unfairly
Traits of Passive Communication
Poor eye contact
Allows others to infringe upon their rights
Softly spoken
Allows others to take advantage

30. Aggressive Communication
Aggressive communicators violate the rights of others when expressing their own feelings and needs.
They may be verbally abusive to further their own interests
Traits of Aggressive Communication
Use of criticism, humiliation, and domination
Frequent interruptions and failure to listen to others
Easily frustrated
Speaking in a loud or overbearing manner

31. Assertive Communication
With assertive communication, an individual expresses their feelings and needs in a way that also respects the rights of others.
This mode of communication displays respect for each individual who is engaged in the exchange
Traits of Assertive Communication
Listens without interrupting
Clearly states needs and wants
Stands up for personal rights
Good eye contact