1. MEASURING EARTHQUAKES

2. Measuring Earthquakes
 Historically, scientists have used two different types of measurements to describe the size of an earthquake —intensity and magnitude.
Richter Scale
Mercalli Scale

3. Richter Scale • Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave
• Each unit of Richter magnitude equates to 10 times greater ground shaking
• Does not estimate adequately the size of very large earthquakes

4. Mercalli Scale Based on an Earthquakes intensity Subjective scale
I to XII Scale

5.  Moment Magnitude
• Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along the fault zone
• Moment magnitude is the most widely used measurement for earthquakes because it is the only magnitude scale that estimates the energy released by earthquakes.
• Measures very large earthquakes

6. What Determines Damage??
• Factors that determine structural damage
1. Intensity and duration of the earthquake
- The deeper the focus = less damage
2. Nature of the material upon which a structure rests
3. The design of the structure
- Unreinforced stone or brick buildings are the most serious safety threats

7.  Liquefaction Saturated material turns fluid Surface objects may sink
Underground objects may float to surface

8.  Cause of Tsunamis
• A tsunami triggered by an earthquake occurs where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault.
• A tsunami also can occur when the vibration of a quake sets an underwater landslide into motion.

9. Other Dangers  Landslides  Fire
• the sinking of the ground triggered by vibrations
 Fire
• In the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, most of the destruction was caused by fires that started when gas and electrical lines were cut.

10. Earthquakes occur mostly
In the middle of continents.
At the edges of continents.
In the asthenosphere.
At plate boundaries.

11. The minimum # of seismograph stations necessary to determine the location of an Earthquake’s epicenter is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
epicenter