1. ORGANIZING & OUTLINING INTRO. & CONCLUSIONS
I. OUTLINING INTRO.
1. GOALS:
1. GET ATTENTION
2. SET TONE
3. CREATE BOND OF GOODWILL
4. ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY
5. LEAD INTO CONTENT

2. 2. TYPES OF INTRO.
1. PRESENTING STARTLING
STATEMENT
2. ASKING RHETORICAL Qs
3. TELLING A STORY
4. PERSONAL REFERENCE
5. QUOTATION
6. BUILDING SUSPENSE

3. 3. SELECTING INTRO.
1. SHOULD PROMOTE INTEREST &
MEET TIME REQUIREMENT OF
5-10% OF SPEECH
2. DEVELOP MORE THAN ONE INTRO.
& CHOOSE THE BEST.

4. II. OUTLINING CONCLUSION
1. GOALS OF CONCL.
1. TO WRAP UP SPEECH
2. TO HIT HOME

5. 2. TYPES OF CONCL.
1. SUMMARY
2. STORY
3. APPEAL TO ACTION
4. EMOTIONAL IMPACT

6. 3. SELECTING CONCL.
1. SELECT CONCL. BASED ON
SPEECH GOAL.
2. DEVELOP 2/3 CONCL. CHOOSE 1

7. 1. SIMPLE STATEMENT OF SUBJECT
III. WRITING TITLE
1. NOT ALWAYS NEEDED
2. 3 TYPES OF TITLES
1. SIMPLE STATEMENT OF SUBJECT
2. QUESTION
3. CREATIVE TITLE

8. IV. COMPLETING OUTLINE
1. FINAL OUTLINE MUST HAVE
EVERYTHING.

9. COMMON FAULTS OF INTRO Don’t apologize
E.g. “I’m not an expert on this topic..”
Don’t pretend
Don’t make hollow promises
Don’t rely on gimmicks
Don’t preface your intro.
E.g. “I’m really nervous, but here goes…”

10. COMMON FAULTS OF CONCL. Don’t apologize Don’t introduce new materials
Don’t dilute your position
E.g. “I know this is not that important,
but…”
“This info is probably dated, but it
was all I could find…”

11. Don’t drag out your concl.

12. TRANSITIONS To be used : - between the intro & body of speech
- between body & concl.
- between main points in the body of
speech

13. To announce the start of a major proposition
First…
A second argument..
Next…
My next point…

14. To signal that you are drawing a concl.
from previously given evidence & argument
Thus…
Therefore…
So, as you can see…

15. To alert the audience to your introducing a qualification/exception
But…
However, also consider…

16. To remind audience of what has just been said & that it is connected with another issue that will now be considered:
Not only……, but also….
In addition to…we also need to look at…

17. To signal the part of your speech that you are approaching
By way of introduction…
In conclusion…

18. CONSTRUCTING INTRODUCTIONS
Prepare an intro. & concl. to the topics listed.
1. College is not for everyone.
2. It is better never to love than to love
and lose.
3. Why you should donate your organs.

19. BEFORE INTRO. & AFTER CONCL.
Display enthusiasm
Display no sense of discomfort
Stand in control
Survey audience
Engage attention
Pause briefly
BEGIN

20. AFTER CONCL.
Pause
Ask audience if they have Q’s
If there is no Q & A, pause after last statement

21. EXERCISE IDENTIFY TYPE OF INTRO.
1.“ My fellow Americans, I must speak to you tonite about a mounting danger in Central America that threatens the security of the U.S. This danger will not go away, it will grow much worse, if we fail to take action now..”

22. 2. “ As I thought ahead to this meeting and to these remarks
2. “ As I thought ahead to this meeting and to these remarks. There were the words of Robert Browning, in the opening lies of his poem
“ Grow old along with me!
The best is yet to be,…..

23. “Early in Feb., a sixteen year old student in Mac. Committed suicide.
This sophomore had so much to live for. Described as outgoing…..”

24. “What business are we in? Communications? Product publicity?
Community relations? Employee relations?

25. “Today, I am not going to speak to you about the high state of Naval readiness we enjoy..I am not going to discuss the heinous crimes.. Likewise I am not going to tell you my views about …No, today I am going to discuss a subject…”

26. “When coach Jones had lost four games in a row, the press began questioning his coaching abilities. During another losing effort, the coach studied the roster intently and sent three players…”