1. Scientific Revolution

2. Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution, when did it take place? No set date to indicate the start of the Scientific Revolution. Some historians believe that it started in the 12th and 13th centuries with the rediscovery of Aristotle by Europeans via the Islamic world. Others say it starts when Nicholas Copernicus challenges Ptolemy’s model of the universe.

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Nicholas Copernicus ( )
-He based his helio-centric theory on Aristarchus of Samos ( BCE).
-The helio-centric theory during the time of Copernicus was not accepted because it meant rejecting Aristotelian thought.
-His main work was On the Revolution of Celestial Orbs.
Polishamericancenter.org

4. Scientific Revolution
The Book Nobody Read

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Scientific Revolution, Why and how did it begin?
Tables
The tables used to predict astronomical events were not accurate.
Exploration
Spanish and Portuguese explorers to the Far east and America sailed off course and out of sight of land for days on end.
The only people who could help them were the astronomers.
Calendar
The calendar created by Julius Caesar in 44 BCE was not accurate. The vernal equinox which was on the 21st had fallen to the 11th. Easter was based on when the vernal equinox fell. Therefore all religious holidays were based upon the timing of Easter

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NPR.org
Nicholas Copernicus ( )
On the Revolution of Celestial Orbs
-Published, in the same year of his death, 1543.
-Dedicated to Pope Paul III and caused little controversy.
-It had an anonymous preface stating that it was only a mathematical hypothesis.

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Religious reasons For and Against Copernicus Theory What major social upheaval was taking place in the 16th century? Reformation Protestants—accepted helio-centric theory quickly Catholics—didn’t accept helio-centric as quickly.

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Copernican Theory Versus Ptolemy’s Theory Helio-centric Model Geo-Centric Model

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Geocentric Model of the Universe

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How did Copernicus’s Theory eventually dominate Ptolemy’s Theory?
He believed the sun not only symbolized but also contained God.
Arabic Numerals were adopted in Europe during the 12th and 13th century
Which one is easier to do?
MDMXLVII
x CCCLXXII OR
1547
x 372
Mathematical Astronomy, monks and students began adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. All of these calculations had proven Ptolemy wrong.

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
Tycho Brahe ( )
A proponent of Ptolemy’s Theory. He made so many mathematical calculations that they became the basis for Copernicus’s Theory.
Hear about his death and his nose here
Galileo.rice.edu

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Yorku.edu

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Sixdayscience.com

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
Galileo Galilei ( )
What brought about Galileo’s persecution?
Telescope Galileo made his first telescope in 1609, modeled after telescopes produced in other parts of Europe that could magnify objects three times. He created a telescope later that same year that could magnify objects twenty times. With this telescope, he was able to look at the moon, discover the four satellites of Jupiter, observe a supernova, verify the phases of Venus, and discover sunspots.
Doxologist.org

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
NPR.org
Johannes Kepler ( )
He also believed that the sun represented the spiritual essence and presence of God. Some of his laws were found in his 1609 work Astronomia Nova
i) Planets orbited around the sun and remained in their orbital paths but revolve at different speeds.
ii) Planets move in elliptical orbits
iii) the speed of each planet’s revolution around the sun depends on its distance from the sun
Read more about Kepler here

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
Galileo Galilei ( )
Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)-1610
It was a pamphlet but his main work was
Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems, 1632
This work forced the Catholic church to look at his work and how they related to Catholic teaching.
Galileo
Scripture he argued “teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.”

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
Galileo Galilei ( )
After Dialogues On the Two Chief Systems of the World was published he was called to Rome to face the Inquisition. He was found guilty of heresy by 1633.
His other work De Motu proved
Law of Falling Bodies—Objects fall at the same speed
regardless of mass. Aristotle believed heavier objects fell
faster

18. Scientific Revolution
Revisiting Copernicus Paolo Antonio Foscarini A theologian in Naples, published a book which stated the Copernican theory did not conflict with scripture. The church took notice of Copernican Theory and places On the Revolution of Celestial Orbs on the Index of Forbidden Books

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory
Isaac Newton ( ) The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) --Universe can be explained through mathematics --Universe operated in a rational and predictable way --Did not need religion or theology to explain the universe --All planets move by physical attraction, gravity
Thenaturalhistorian.com

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory Isaac Newton ( ) Laws of Motion Inertia An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory Isaac Newton ( ) Laws of Motion Acceleration Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

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Scientists Supporting Copernicus’s Theory Isaac Newton ( ) Laws of Motion Action For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

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