1. Risk Factors For Heart Attack and Stroke
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2. Why Should I Worry about CVD?
CVD is America's biggest killer—more than any other single cause of death, for both women and men.
CVD reduces quality of life, causing chest pain, shortness of breath, internal organ damage, and in the form of hypertension, cognitive decline.
CVD can begin in adolescence or childhood from waxy buildup in vessels caused by poor diet, lack of exercise, high body mass index, or early smoking.
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3. Cardiovascular Disease
In the United States, Coronary Heart Disease accounts for approximately 30 percent of all premature deaths.
Coronary Heart Disease is diagnosed when any artery is narrowed by 60% or more.

4. STROKE
A condition occurring when the brain is damaged by a disrupted brain supply.
It shares the same risk factors as Coronary Heart Disease.
On average, someone suffers a stroke every 53 seconds, with someone dying every 3 minutes.

5. Cardiovascular Disease (2)
Heart Disease is an acquired disease that is preventable.
Americans as young as 18 have obstructions in their coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis.

6. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, characterized by plaque beneath artery linings, is responsible for 80% of Coronary Heart Disease deaths in the U.S.

7. Atherosclerosis

8. CVD Risk Factors You Cannot Control
Heredity
CVD in several generations increases risk greatly.
Age
75% of heart attacks occur in people over age 65.
Gender
Men are at greater risk until age 60; women are at greater risk after menopause.
Race
African Americans are at higher risk.
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9. Changeable Risk Factors Smoking
Nicotine is a powerful stimulant that;
Increases LDL and decreases HDL.
Increases the oxygen requirement of cardiac muscle.
Constricts blood vessels
Produces irregular heart beats
Increases the viscosity of the blood.

10. A certain amount of cholesterol is necessary for good health.
There are several different types of fats in the bloodstream and Cholesterol is the most well known.
Blood lipids are believed to contribute to the development of plaque around the arteries.
Cholesterol

11. Good vs. Bad
HDL – high-density lipo-protein is considered “the good cholesterol”.
HDL picks up cholesterol
and carries it to the liver, where it is eliminated.
Regular exercise helps increase HDL’s.
LDL – low-density lipo-protein carries a core of cholesterol that is involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
Saturated fats and trans-fats raise the bloodstreams level of cholesterol.

12. Changeable Risk Factors High Cholesterol

13. Changeable Risk Factors Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted against artery walls as blood travels through the circulatory system.
High blood pressure(hypertension) has no signs or symptoms.
High blood pressure = 140/90 mmHg

14. Blood Pressure (2)
Long-term uncontrolled hypertension increases the work of the heart, causes it to hypertrophy and leads to congestive heart failure.
Hypertension damages the arteries, accelerates atherosclerosis and is the most important risk factor in strokes.

15. Treatment for High Blood Pressure
Weight-loss
Salt and alcohol restriction
Aerobic exercise can reduce both systolic and diastolic pressures
Aerobic exercise delays or prevents the onset of hypertension in people at risk.

16. Changeable Risk Factor Obesity
Obesity increases risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and strokes.
Fat that accumulates in the upper half of the body (central abdominal obesity) is significantly more likely to contribute to heart disease.
A 5-10% weight-loss that is maintained can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.

17. Changeable Risk Factors Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, in which the body cannot properly use sugar (glucose) as fuel.
Type 1 diabetes or Insulin dependant diabetes – the body does not produce insulin.
Type II Diabetes or Non-insulin dependent diabetes – the pancreas produces insulin but the cells are resistant to it.

18. Type II Diabetes
80% of people with Type II diabetes are overweight or obese
A majority of people with Type II Diabetes are sedentary
Risk increases after the age 45
A Family history increases your risk for Type II Diabetes

19. Regular Physical Activity:
Exercise and Diabetes
Regular Physical Activity:
Can help reduce body fat
Decrease insulin resistance
Improve insulin sensitivity
Improve the body’s ability to clear sugar from the blood

20. Changeable Risk Factors Physical Inactivity
As stated in the Cooper Study, low fit individuals are more likely to die prematurely from all cause mortality.
Regular exercise decreases the risk factors for Heart Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes, High Cholesterol , strokes and some cancers.

21. Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability to take in, deliver, and extract oxygen for physical work.
Also called aerobic capacity
Maximum oxygen consumption
AEROBIC MEANS “WITH OXYGEN”
For health, this is the most important component of physical fitness.

22. Hypokinetic Diseases Hypo- means under or too little
Kinetic- means movement or activity
Thus, hypokinetic means – too little activity
A hypokinetic disease or condition is associated with lack of physical activity or too little regular exercise.
Examples include: heart disease, low back pain, and Type II Diabetes.

23. Benefits of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise
Metabolism
Reduced Risk of Chronic Disease
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cancer
Type 2 Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Deaths from All Causes
Better Control of Body Fat
Improved immune Function
Improved Psychological and Emotional Well- Being

24. Developing a Cardiorespiratory Endurance Program
ACSM Guidelines
3-5 days a week
20-60 minutes
Moderate to high heart rate

25. Target Heart Rate Determining
Estimate your maximum heart rate (MHR)
220 – your age = MHR
Multiply your MHR by selecting an appropriate range of 65% - 90%
Example: 19-year-old
MHR = 220 – 19 = 201
65% training intensity = 0.65 X 201 = 131 bpm
90% training intensity = 0.90 X 201 = 181 bpm

26. Changeable Risk Factor Stress
Stress elevates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and blood sugar levels, activates the immune response and causes other physiological changes.
Chronic (long-term) stress significantly strains the body.

27. Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors
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