1. Especially: Dependent Clauses

2. What Is a Clause?
A clause has at minimum a subject and a predicate (verb phrase).
In contrast, a phrase can have a noun (subject) or a verb, but not both

3. Types of Clauses An independent clause can stand by itself.
A dependent clause must appear with an independent clause.

4. Types of Clauses
I went to the store.
Because I needed food.

5. Dependent Clauses Adverbial (Subordinate) Clause: acts as a clause
Nominal Clause: acts as a noun
Adjective (Relative) Clause: acts as a modifier

7. Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses are clauses which use a subordinating conjunction (because, although, while, if) to show the relationship with the main independent clause.
Adverbial clauses support, add to, or modify the main clause; the main clause is always the focus.

8. Adverbial Clauses My friend visited while I ate dinner
While my friend visited, I ate dinner.
I ate dinner while my friend visited.
While I ate dinner, my friend visited.

10. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
Relative clauses modify noun phrases.
Relative clauses sometimes modify clauses.

11. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The relative clause must share the same noun as the main clause
This is called the pronomial reflex

12. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop sells Apple computers.
The shop is not owned by Apple.

13. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [The shop is not owned by Apple] sells Apple computers.

14. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [which is not owned by Apple] sells Apple computers.

15. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
the noun being modified and the pronomial reflex can appear in any positions

16. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop sells Apple computers.
My friend owns the shop.

17. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [My friend owns the shop] sells Apple computers.

18. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [My friend owns which] sells Apple computers.

19. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [which My friend owns] sells Apple computers.

20. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop sells Apple computers.
My friend works in the shop.

21. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [My friend works in the shop] sells Apple computers.

22. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [My friend works in which] sells Apple computers.

23. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [which my friend works in] sells Apple computers.

24. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shop [in which my friend works] sells Apple computers.

26. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes were very dirty. [He put on the shoes everyday]

27. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes [He put on the shoes everyday] were very dirty.

28. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes [He put on the shoes everyday] were very dirty.

29. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes [He put on which everyday] were very dirty.

30. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes [on which he put everyday] were very dirty.

31. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The shoes [which he put on everyday] were very dirty.

33. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy is very sad. [My friend broke up with the boy]

34. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy [my friend broke up with the boy] is very sad.

35. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy [my friend broke up with who] is very sad.

36. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy [up with who my friend broke] is very sad.

37. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy [who my friend broke up with] is very sad.

38. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The boy [with whom my friend broke up] is very sad.

40. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
My father bought solar panels.
My father’s house is very old.
My father, whose house is very old, bought solar panels.

41. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The house got renovated.
The house’s paint is very old.
The house, whose paint is very old, got renovated.

42. Relative (Adjective) Clauses
The house got renovated.
The house’s paint is very old.
The house with very old paint got renovated.

44. Nominal Clauses Nominal clauses acts as Nouns
They can be replaced with pronouns
They can take the place of subjects or objects
They can begin with if, whether, that, or the fact that
They can also begin with wh- words, such as what, when, why, etc.

45. Nominal Clauses What he said is important. (subject position)
I heard what he said.   (direct object position)
I gave what he said serious consideration.     (indirect object position)
We talked about what he said.     (object of the preposition position)
He is exactly what he said.                         (predicate noun position)

46. Nominal Clauses
Who we make our friends often shows the kind of people we are.
When she arrives is up to her.
The fact that students ask questions shows that they are listening.
I don't know why he keeps bothering me.
Do you know if it will rain tomorrow?
Do you know that Japan is an archipelago?

48. Adverbial (Subordinate) Clauses
modify the independent clause
use a subordinating conjunction
Come before or after the independent clause (the can appear in the middle, unusually)

49. Nominal Clauses acts as nouns which can be replaced by pronouns
can begin with if, whether, that, or the fact that
can also begin with wh- words, such as what, when, why, etc.

50. Adjective (Relative) Clauses
acts as modifiers for nouns, sometimes clauses
have a pronomial reflex (the same noun phrase appears in both clauses and becomes a relative pronoun in the relative clause)
must appear after the pronomial reflex in the main clause
the relative pronoun must be at the start of the relative clause, and carries the preposition if it is the object of a preposition