1. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Objectives Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Name the parts of the musculoskeletal system and discuss the function of each part.
Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the musculoskeletal system.
Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.

3. Objectives Part 2 Objectives CONT’D
Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in treating the musculoskeletal system.
Define the major pathological conditions of the musculoskeletal system.

4. Objectives Part 3 Objectives CONT’D
Define surgical terms related to the musculoskeletal system.
List common pharmacological agents used in treating the musculoskeletal system.

5. Structure and Function
Structure & Function
Structure and Function
Forms the body framework
Protects and supports internal organs
Enables the body
to move
Consists of bones, joints and muscles

6. Bones Structure & Function Bones Composed of osseous tissue
Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorbing dead bone tissue
Bone cells are called osteocytes

7. Ossification Structure & Function Bones
The development of osteocytes and the hardening process is called ossification.
Ossification depends on:
calcium
phosphorus
vitamin D

8. Common Bone Categories
Structure & Function
Common Bone Categories
Bones
The adult skeleton has 206 bones.
Common Bone Categories
Long bones
(Femur)
Short bones
(Wrist bones)
Flat bones
(Skull)
Irregular bones
(Vertebrae)
Sesamoid bones
(Kneecap)

9. Parts of Long Bones Structure & Function Bones Parts of long bones:
The shaft is the longest portion also called the diaphysis.
The ends are called the epiphysis.
Space between the epiphyses and the diaphysis is called the metaphysis.

10. Parts of Long Bones Part 2
Structure &
Function
Femur
Distal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Proximal epiphysis
Epiphyseal disks
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Space containing red marrow
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
Parts of Long Bones Part 2
Parts of a long bone
Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance that provides protection at movable points.
Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow.
Red bone marrow is found in infant bones and the flat bones of adults.

11. Cranial Bones Structure & Function Cranial Bones Temporal Parietal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Parietal
Ethmoid

12. Sinuses Structure & Function
Sinuses are cavities that reduce the weight of a bone.
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

13. Facial Bones Structure & Function Facial Bones Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Nasal bones
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bones
Mandible
Palatine bone

14. Spinal Column Structure & Function Spinal Column Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacrum = 5
Coccyx = 1
Consists of five sets of vertebrae

16. Bones of the Chest Structure & Function Bones of the Chest Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
The chest cavity is also referred to as the thoracic cavity.

18. Bones of the Pelvis Structure & Function Bones of the Pelvis ilium
ischium
pubes
pelvic cavity
The pubic symphysis is where both pubic bones join.

19. Bones of the Extremities
Structure & Function
Bones of the Extremities
Bones of the Extremities
Upper Arm
Humerus
Lower Arm
Ulna
Radius
Hand and Fingers
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (fingers)

21. Bones of the Extremities Part 2
Structure & Function
Bones of the Extremities Part 2
Bones of the Extremities (Cont’d)
Upper Leg
Femur
Lower leg
Tibia (shin)
Fibula
Patella (kneecap)
Feet and Toes
Tarsals
Calcaneus (heel)
Metatarsals
Phalanges

23. Joints Structure & Function Amphiarthroses Moves slightly Diarthroses
Moves freely
Joints (articulations)
Synarthroses
No movement

24. Tendons and Ligaments Structure & Function Tendons and Ligaments
Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone.
Ligaments connect bones to other bones.
A joint lubricator (synovial fluid) helps synovial joints move easier.
Movement occurs at joints with the assistance of muscles, tendons and ligaments.

25. Muscles Structure & Function Muscles
Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to provide body movement.
Types of Muscles
Voluntary (skeletal)
Involuntary (smooth or visceral)
Cardiac

26. Muscles - Fascia Structure & Function Muscles
Most muscles are covered by a band of connective tissue called fascia, that supports the muscle.

27. Muscles – Origin or Insertion
Every muscle has an origin(anchor) and insertion(mover)
What about bicep brachii?
also, the nerve that goes
To a muscle is called
innervation
Muscles – Origin or Insertion
The radius is the origin and the scapula(coracoid pocess) is the insertion.
---OR---
The scapula is the origin and the radius is the insertion.

28. Combining Forms Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
heel
bent
joint
arm
ankyl (o)
arthr (o)
brachi (o)
calcane (o)

29. Combining Forms Part 2 Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
carp (o)
cephal (o)
chondr (o)
dactyl (o)
kyph (o)
cartilage
hump
head
wrist
fingers, toes

30. Combining Forms Part 3 Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
foot
finger or toe bone
muscle
bone
spinal cord; bone marrow
my (o)
myel (o)
pod (o)
oste (o)
phalang (o)

31. Combining Forms Part 4 Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
curved
vertebra
spine
ulnar
tendon
rachi (o)
scoli (o)
spondyl (o)
ten (o)
uln (o)

32. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests
Medical specialists that treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system:
Orthopedists
Osteopaths(DO)
Rheumatologists
Podiatrists(DPM)
Chiropractors(DC)

33. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 2
Performing internal examinations or the use of x-rays, scans, and radiographs are often required to diagnose bone and muscle ailments.

34. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 3
Arthrography
Arthroscopy
Diskography
Computed tomography (CT)
Myelography xray
Electromyogram
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

35. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 4
Laboratory tests measure the levels of substances found in some musculoskeletal disorders.
Common laboratory tests
Rheumatoid factor test
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
Calcium
Phosphorus
Uric acid

36. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 5
Other Tests
Goniometer
-Tests for ROM
Densitometer
-Measures bone density
Goniometer

37. Pathology Pathology Causes of musculoskeletal disorders Birth defects
Injury
Degenerative disease
Systemic disorders

38. Pathology Part 2 Pathology Types of fractures Complex Incomplete
Comminuted
Greenstick
Simple (closed)
Compound (open)
Colles’
Impacted

39. Pathology Part 3 Pathology
Injury or trauma to the joints or muscle may cause a sprain.
Overuse of a muscle may cause a strain.
Other conditions:
Tendinitis
Dislocation
Subluxation
Osteoporosis

40. Pathology Part 4 Pathology Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort
Osteoalgia
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Arthritis
Tetany

41. Surgical Terms Surgical Terms
Almost any major part of the musculoskeletal system can now be surgically repaired.
Supportive devices
Traction
Prosthetic devices
Cast
Splints

42. Surgical Terms Part 2 Surgical Terms
Reduction is the return of a part to its normal position.
Osteoplasty is repair of a bone.
Tenotomy is the cutting into a tendon to repair a muscle (myoplasty).
Arthroplasty is repair of a joint.
Laminectomy is removal of part of vertebrae to reach the disc.

43. Pharmacology Pharmacology
Most medications treat symptoms and not the cause of musculoskeletal discomfort.

44. Pharmacology Part 2 Pharmacology
Common medications for the Musculoskeletal System
Analgesics
Steroids
Muscle Relaxants
NSAIDS

45. Apply Your Knowledge "Apply Your Knowledge"
Mrs. Jones is concerned with the “soft spots” she feels on her baby’s head. You realize the medical term for these “soft spots” is:
A. Fontanelle
B. Fissure
C. Foramen
A. Fontanelle

46. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
Head & Trunk
Arms & Legs
Identify the axial and appendicular portions of the skeleton.

47. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Mary is complaining of headache, stuffy nose and pressure with facial discomfort. Her physician tells her she has allergies. Which of the following conditions might she be experiencing?
A. fracture of her vomer
B. sinusitis
C. stroke
B. sinusitis

48. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Relieves pain 1
A. steroids
B. analgesics
C. muscle relaxants
Reduces swelling 2
Relieves tension 3
Match the correct medication with its action.

49. Medical Specialties Related to Skeletal System
Chiropractor(DC)
Specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders related to misalignment of the spine
Orthopedic surgeon
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases and disorders involving bones, joint, and muscles

50. Medical Specialties Related to Skeletal System
Osteopath (DO)
Combines traditional forms of medical treatment and spinal manipulation
(oste/o: bone; -path: disease)

51. Pathology of Skeletal System
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of cartilage
(chondr/o: cartilage; malacia: abnormal softening)
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
(cost/o: rib; chondr: cartilage; -itis: inflammation)

52. Spinal Column Herniated disk Lumbago
Breaking apart of intervertebral disk
resulting in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Lumbago
Pain of lumbar region of the spine
(lumb: lumbar; -ago: diseased condition)

53. Spinal Column Spondylolisthesis Spina bifida
Forward slipping movement of body of one of lower lumbar vertebrae or sacrum
(spondyl/o: vertebrae; -listhesis: slipping)
Spina bifida
Congenital defect
Spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord

54. Curvatures of Spine

55. Bones Paget's disease Periostitis
Abnormal breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine, and legs followed by abnormal bone formation
Periostitis
Inflammation of periosteum
(peri: surrounding; ost: bone)

56. Tendons

57. Contrasting Muscle Motion

58. Pathology of Muscular System
Fibers, fascia, and tendons
Fasciitis
Inflammation of fascia
(fasci: fascia; -itis: inflammation)
Fibromyalgia
Chronic condition characterized by fatigue and pain
(fibr/o: fibrous tissue; my: muscle; -algia: pain)

59. Pathology of Muscular System
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Unknown cause
Affects many body systems
Profound fatigue not improved by bed rest and may be worsened by physical or mental activity

60. Ganglion Cyst
Harmless fluid-filled swelling occurring commonly on the outer surface of a wrist
May be due to repeated minor injuries
May not require treatment

61. Spinal Cord Injuries Types of paralysis Paraplegia Quadriplegia
Paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
(quadr/i: four; -plegia: paralysis)