1. Alleghany Orogeny
Birth of Pangea

2. Alleghany Orogeny Final event in the assembly of Pangea
Iapetus Ocean is completely closed
Gondwana collides with Laurentia
Western Africa collides with Eastern North America
Largest orogenic event in southern Appalachians

3. Structural Effects: tilting/folding

4. Structural and Stratigraphic Effects: Folded Molasse

5. Structural Effects: folding

6. Stratigraphic Effects: angular unconformity and molasse

7. Relief and included fragments along unconformity

8. Molasse with a difference: coal

9. Coal Breaker

10. Coal end use

11. Coal to electricity

12. Effects of coal use: abandoned strip mines, mine spoil and acidity

13. Sheridan Banks: mine spoil

14. Sheridan Banks: mine spoil

15. Sediment loading and AMD

16. AMD: acid mine drainage

17. AMD and ‘red boy’

18. AMD from the subsurface

19. Appalachians and Appalachian Basin

20. Appalachian Provinces

21. Appalachian Provinces

22. Appalachian Provinces