1. Development

2. Objectives How do we physically change throughout our lives?
Understand the stages of physical development before we are born
Recognize variables that influence prenatal development
Understand physical development during infancy
Understand physical development as we age

3. Physical Development
1. Germinal Period: conception (egg + sperm = zygote) to uterine implantation
:20-2:58
2. Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the 8th week
22:30-25:55
3. Fetal Period: 8th week until birth (organs dev) - ultrasound
43:

4. Early Physical Development
Teratogen: environmental interruption to development (NTs change messages)
Critical periods: interruption to certain periods of development has extreme consequences

5. Early Physical Development
Brain development
2:35-6:30
Neurons – 150,000/minute 1st 12 weeks
Myelination: myelin sheath (fatty coating on the neuron’s axon) at 3rd trimester = faster communication between neurons
1,000 connections/second 1st 5 years
Synaptic pruning – cut unused connections 1st 3 years & during puberty
Video: How to Talk to Kids
Video: Blues Clues

6. Early Physical Development
Motor development: born with reflexes, develop everything else - turning over, grasping, crawling, walking, climbing
Senses (video: infant perception)
Hearing: functioning before birth; declines after puberty (damage, cell death)
Vision: functioning before birth but not fully developed until age 2; declines with older age
Requires experience (Dev Child 19-20:05)

7. Later Physical Development
Puberty: maturing that allows for sexual reproduction (ages 8-18)
Menopause: women stop being able to sexually reproduce
Male climacteric / andropause: men make less testosterone = less sperm production, physical changes
Sensory decline: taste, touch, hearing, smell, sight receptors all decrease

8. Objectives
How do we cognitively change throughout our lives? What influences emotional development?
Understand Piaget’s theories and the stages of cognitive development
Understand attachment theory and its influence over the lifespan

9. Cognitive Development
Schema: how things work
Assimilation: judge using my schema
Accommodation: change my schema
Example: Schema: Friends don’t lie to each other. Situation: This person lied to me.
Assimilation: The person who lied to me isn’t my friend.
Accommodation: Sometimes friends lie to protect each other.

10. Cognitive Development
Ex. A child who is unfamiliar with exotic animals sees a zebra and calls it a horse.
Ex. A child thinks that dogs are animals who live with people as pets. The child sees an animal that looks like a dog but works with the police.
Ex. A child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides and shouts “It’s a clown!”

11. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
Sensorimotor: (birth – 2 yrs) use senses & motor skills to learn (video: sensorimotor stage)
object permanence: things exists even when you can’t see them (Dev Child 12:02-14:24)
Preoperational: (2-7 yrs) thinks symbolically, develops language skills
animistic thinking: everything is alive
egocentric: can’t take others’ point of view

12. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
Concrete Operational: (7-11 yrs) learns operations, conservation (Dev Child 10:25-11:28)
No abstract, hypothetical
Formal Operational: (11+) hypothetical, abstract, concepts
adolescent egocentrism: others’ behavior (v)
personal fable: your experience is unique, you won’t be harmed
imaginary audience: everyone notices you

13. Attachment Emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Strengthened by physical contact, responding to needs, attention
We have biological basis for emotions but our responses are influenced by interaction
Early attachment style predicts approach to other adult relationships (romantic, friendship, work)
Video: maternal separation

14. Attachment over the lifespan
Attachment as judgment of: 1) whether self is worthy of care 2) others will provide and meet emotional needs
+ self view, + other view = secure
- other view = avoidant (dismissing, fearful)
- self view, + other view = preoccupied (ambivalent/anxious)
In U.S. secure is related to best outcomes

15. Developmental Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
6 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity, language, conversation initiation, stereotyped behavior
Asperger’s Syndrome
2 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity + stereotyped behavior – NO language or cognitive delays, causes problems in functioning

16. Objectives What kind of decisions and experiences shape us as adults?
What are the different parenting styles and what are their consequences?
How do we approach our own and others’ deaths?

17. Parenting
How is parenting style related to 1) personality 2) personal experience being parented 3) interactions with specific children? Which one of these is most influential, or, is something else involved?

18. Parenting Styles (v)
Authoritarian: low warmth, high expectations; parent speaks child obeys
Authoritative: high warmth, high expectations; more child input
Permissive-Neglectful: low involvement, low expectations
Neglectful-Indulgent: high involvement, low expectations
Child-to-parent effects: children affect parenting
Outcomes: School, work, goals

19. Activity
Experience with death

20. Grief Over a Death Stages of Grief Numbness: dazed, denial, emptiness
Yearning: longing, guilt, anger, resentment
Disorganization/despair: loss of meaning in life, feeling listless
Resolution/reorganization: accept loss, able to feel happiness about memories, change life to incorporate loss

21. Your Death Stages of Death (video) Denial: can’t believe it
Anger: upset, seems unfair, unjust
Bargaining: doing whatever possible to avoid it
Depression: feel like life wasn’t lived fully, regret decisions, extreme negative feelings
Acceptance: believe it is happening and feel okay with the end