1. How to access the power point
Go to the X drive
Click on Student
Click on 8th grade
Click on Hathaway

2. MATTER AND ATOMS
MATTER: Has mass and takes up space, LIGHT AND SOUND ARE NOT MATTER!
ATOMS: The smallest form of matter, too small to be seen by the naked eye. ATOMIC NUMBER IS EQUAL TO THE # OF PROTONS
ATOMS ARE MADE OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS!
PROTONS: Positively charged and located in the nucleus.
NEUTRONS: No charge and located in the nucleus.
ELECTRONS: Negatively charged and located in the shells OUTSIDE the nucleus.

3. MASS, VOLUME AND DENSITY
MASS: The amount of matter in an object.
VOLUME; The amount of space an object takes up. You measure a regularly shaped object by Length x Width x Height
An irregularly shaped object is measured by water displacement.
DENSITY: The amount of matter in a fixed space. You must know the mass and volume to measure density
Density = Mass/Volume
The higher the density the closer to the bottom of a container the substance will sit in a density column.

4. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES
ELEMENT: A substance made of only 1 type of atom…sooo if a something contains only one type of atom it is an element!
MOLECULE: A molecule that contains multiple atoms of the exact same element. O2 represents Oxygen molecules.
COMPOUND: A substance that contains MORE THAN ONE type of atom/element. Salt (NaCl) is an example of a compound. Two or more atoms bonded together to become a new type of matter.

5. States of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
SOLID: Atoms/Molecules are tightly compact, organized and cannot move freely, they can only vibrate in place.
LIQUID: Atoms/Molecules are close together but can move freely past one another
Gas: Atoms/Molecules are not close together and will completely fill the space they are given. They are free to move.

6. Pure Substances
Pure Substance: Made of either elements or compounds. CANNOT be broken down physical.
Elements cannot be broken down at all. Ex: O, H, C, N are all elements and cannot be broken down.
Compounds are when there is a combination of elements. Ex: Salt (NaCl), Water (H2O) are compounds and can only be broken down chemically

7. Mixtures
Mixtures: Are a combination of many pure substances mixed together but they CAN be broken down physically. NO CHEMICAL CHANGE HAS OCCURRED.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: Mixture formed appears to be one substance. Ex: Salt water, sugar water, Kool Aid, Hot Chocolate, Steel, Bronze
Heterogeneous Mixtures: The different substances making up the mixture can be seen. Ex: Trail Mix, Granite Rock, Chocolate Chip Ice Cream

8. Periodic Table
The periodic table is arranged by the atomic number. (ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS)
The Primary Categories of the Periodic Table are: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
Groups: Show similarities and chemical and physical properties.
Periods: Indicate the number of valence eletrons

9. SOLUBILITY
SOLUTION: What you get when you combine the solute and the solvent and the solute dissolves completely.
SOLUTE: What gets dissolved by the solvent. Ex: Sugar or salt are solutes
S OLVENT: The substance that dissolves the solute. Ex: water is the most common solvent.
SOLUBLE: When the substance is able to be dissolved it is soluable.
INSOLUBLE: when the substance does not dissolve

10. LOW CONCENTRATION: Means the solution is diluted.
What is Concentration?
The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.
LOW CONCENTRATION: Means the solution is diluted.
CONCENTRATED: Means that there is a large amount of solute in the solvent.

11. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGE
Physical Change: Molecular structure stays the same, crumpling paper, melting ice and chopping wood are all examples
Chemical Change: Changes occur on a molecular level and a new substance is created. Lighting a match, baking a cake, rust are all examples
SIGNS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE: A NEW SUBSTANCE IS FORMED, ODOR, FORMATION OF PERCIPITATE, TEMPERATURE CHANGE

12. What does this mean for you?
If a chemical reaction releases energy and feels warm it is an EXOTHERMIC REACTION.
If a chemical reaction absorbs heat and feels cold it is an ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

13. Acids, Bases and pH
Acids: Have a pH of less than 7, taste sour, contains a hydrogen ion (H+), and turns an indicator red/pink.
Bases: Have a pH higher than 7, taste bitter, feel slippery and contain a hydroxide ion.
The LOWER (closer to 1) the number on the pH scale the more acidic something is, the HIGHER (closer to 14) the number the more basic the substance is.