1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS

2. CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
THE Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM____)
Describes each disorder
Provides criteria for diagnosis
5 dimensions called an axis

3. AXIS DESCRIBED: AXIS 1: Descriptive criteria of 16 mental disorders.
AXIS II: personality disorders and mental retardation
AXIS III: physical conditions/disorders
AXIS IV: types and levels of stress
AXIS V: rates levels of functioning

4. Purpose of DSM____ Helps to identify appropriate treatment
Consistently groups patients so that research can be done.
Establishes payment criteria for 3rd party payers.

5. General Classifications
ANXIETY
DISORDERS
MOOD DISORDERS
SOMATOFORM
SCHIZOPHRENIA
DISSOCIATIVE
PERSONALITY

6. Anxiety disorders Phobia Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder

7. Causes~ Biological factors Oversensitive brain stem function
Abnormal levels certain neuro-transmitters
Psychological factors
Exaggeration of true danger
Under-estimation of coping skills

8. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS WITH NO APPARENT PHYSICAL CAUSE
CONVERSION DISORDERS: FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT SUCH AS PARALYSIS, BLINDNESS
HYPOCHONDRIASIS-SPECIFIC ILLNESS
SOMATIZATION-OVERALL ILLNESS
PAIN DISORDER

9. Dissociative Disorders
RARE
Sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person’s memory, consciousness, or identity.

10. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
“Multiple personality”
Separation between one’s memories and other aspects of identity can be so dramatic that a person experiencing it may believe that they have more than one personality
Three Faces of Eve, Sybil,
Fight Club

11. CAUSES: PSYCHODYNAMIC:
Massive repression of unwanted impulses or memories cause one to create a “new person”.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE:
Behavior can be situational so that others may view us as a “different person” if extreme enough.

12. Research on DID suggests:
People who display DID
want to forget or avoid
some events. (I.e., severe
abuse in childhood)
Memory loss is a genuine
phenomena and can become
Extreme.
Memory loss and other
Forms of dissociation
Are genuine phenomena
Most people with DID are
skilled at self-hypnosis and can
induce a trance-like state.
People suffering DID
escape the trauma of abuse
temporarily by creating
new personalities to deal
with the stress.

13. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA: (Psychogenic)
Disorder characterized by sudden loss of memory.
Psychodynamic theorists believe that psychogenic amnesia is an act of self-preservation, an alternative to suicide.
Normal autobiographical memory processing is blocked by imbalance or altered release of stress hormones

14. ….Continued
Betrayal trauma theory suggests that psychogenic amnesia is an adaptive response to childhood abuse.
Stress may directly affect the medial temporal/diencephalic system, inhibiting the retrieval of autobiographical memories and producing a loss of personal identity.

16. Dissociative Fugue….
Sudden loss of personal memory and the adoption of a new identity in a new locale
Cases of dissociative fugue are more common in wartime or in communities disrupted by a natural disaster.

17. MOOD DISORDERS:
Psychological disorders characterized by a primary disturbance in affect or mood that colors the individual’s entire emotional state

18. Major depressive Disorder (Unipolar)
Common types:
Major depressive Disorder (Unipolar)
Seasonal
Affective
Disorder
(SAD)
Bipolar
Disorder
(Manic-Depressive)

20. DEPRESSION~
“I have studiously tried to avoid ever using the word madness to describe my condition. Now and again, the word slips out, but I hate it. Madness is too glamorous a term to convey what happens to most people who are losing their minds. That word is too exciting, too literary, too interesting in its connotations, to convey the boredom, the slowness, the dreariness, the dampness of depression.”
-Elizabeth Wurtzel, from Prozac Nation

21. Schizophrenia~
Is actually a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. At times, people with psychotic disorders lose touch with reality. The world may seem like a maze of confusing thoughts, images, and sounds. The behavior of people with schizophrenia may be very strange and even shocking. A sudden change in personality and behavior, which occurs when people lose touch with reality, is called a psychotic episode.

22. SCHIZOPHRENIA Disorganized Paranoid Undifferentiated Catatonic
(simple)

23. Disorganized Schizophrenia
Incoherent speech
Inappropriate mood
Hallucinations
Delusional thought patterns

24. Paranoid schizophrenia
People with this type are preoccupied with false beliefs (delusions) about being persecuted or being punished by someone. Their thinking, speech and emotions, however, remain fairly normal.

25. Undifferentiated (Simple)
Disturbances of thought or behavior that don’t fit into any of the other categories.
Person may exhibit dysfunction in one area but be perfectly normal in every other aspect of their lives.

26. Catatonic Schizophrenia
The most notable symptoms of this type are physical. People with catatonic schizophrenia are generally immobile and unresponsive to the world around them.. Occasionally, these people may have peculiar movements like facial grimacing or strange postures. Or, they might mimic a word or phrase just spoken by another person.
People with catatonic schizophrenia are at increased risk of malnutrition, exhaustion, or self-inflicted injury.

27. CAUSES: Genetics (heredity) Brain chemistry Brain abnormality
 Environmental factors