1. Protein Synthesis: An Overview

2. Bodies  Cells  DNA Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA

3. DNA  Proteins  Cells  Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins
genes
proteins
cells
DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work
bodies

4. How do proteins do all the work
proteins run living organisms
enzymes
control all chemical reactions in living organisms
structure
all living organisms are built out of proteins

5. Cell organization DNA DNA is in the nucleus
genes = instructions for making proteins
want to keep it there = protected
“locked in the vault”
cytoplasm
nucleus

6. Cell organization Proteins chains of amino acids
made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm
protein factory = ribosome
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
ribosome

7. Passing on DNA information
Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm
need a copy of DNA
messenger RNA
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
mRNA
ribosome

8. Central Dogma DNA carries codes for protein synthesis
Since DNA must remain in the nucleus, mRNA is needed to “transcribe” the DNA code, and to carry the code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Once attached to a ribosome, the mRNA message is then “translated” into polypeptide chains

9. DNA mRNA protein trait Central Dogma transcription translation nucleus
cytoplasm

10. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases double stranded
G, C, A, T
T : A
C : G
double stranded
RNA
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases
G, C, A, U
U : A
C : G
single stranded

11. RNA 3 kinds of RNA (in protein synthesis) mRNA Messenger RNA
Long single strand of RNA
Made in the nucleus
Moves out to ribosomes in cytoplasm
Carries genetic information from DNA onto ribosome for translation into a protein

12. RNA 3 kinds of RNA mRNA tRNA Transfer RNA 60 kinds
Each attached to a particular amino acid
Transfers them to the mRNA at the ribosome

13. RNA 3 kinds of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA Ribosomal RNA
Associated with proteins contained in ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis