1. Psychology Chapter Review

2. According to psychologists, one thing intelligence is not is_____________________.

3. achievement

4. Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn from__________________, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.

5. experience

6. Intelligence makes achievement possible by giving people the ability to__________________.

7. learn

8. Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
Nearly 100 years ago, British psychologist Charles Spearman suggested that all the behavior we consider to be intelligent has a common underlying factor.
He labeled the factor “g,” which stands for “_______________________.”
The g factors represents the abilities to reason and to solve problems.

9. general intelligence

10. Spearman suggested that specific or “s” factors account for__________________.
The most capable people are relatively better at some things than others, such as writing and music rather than math.

11. particular abilities

12. Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental abilities
American psychologist Louis Thurstone believed separate factors make up intelligence.
He called them…

13. primary mental abilities.

14. Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental abilities
Visual and spatial ability (the ability to picture shapes and spatial relationships).
Perceptual speed (the ability to understand perceptual information rapidly and to see the similarities and differences between stimuli).
Numerical ability (the ability to calculate and recall numbers).
Verbal meaning (knowledge of the meanings of words).
Memory (the ability to recall information, such as words and sentences).
Word fluency (the ability to think of words quickly for such tasks as rhyming or doing crossword puzzles).
Deductive reasoning (the ability to derive examples from general rules).
Inductive reasoning (the ability to derive general rules from examples).

15. Gardener’s theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner believes that intelligence has a broader base and there are actually seven different kinds of intelligence within us:
Linguistic intelligence
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Visual-spatial intelligence
Body-kinesthetic intelligence
Musical-rhythmic intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence (insight into one’s own inner feelings)
Intrapersonal intelligence (sensitivity to other people’s feelings)

16. A major difference between Gardner’s and Thurstone’s theories is that Thurstone believed that the factors he identified, when taken together, _____________________________.
Gardner on the other hand, proposes that the seven different intelligences are independent of each other.

17. make up intelligence

18. Critics of Gardner’s views think that exceptional abilities in the __________________or bodily-kinesthetic areas are not really part of intelligence at all.
They argue that those skills are talents and that being talented is not the same thing as being intelligent.

19. musical

20. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Robert Sternberg believes that different kinds of intelligence all work together.
He has created a three-level, or triarchic, model of intelligence.
Sternberg’s intelligence includes...

21. analytic
creative
practical abilities

22. Psychologist Daniel Goleman
He proposes yet another kind of intelligence:___________________.

23. emotional intelligence

24. Emotional intelligence consists of five factors that are involved in success in school or on the job.
Self awareness (the ability the recognize our own feelings).
Mood management (the ability to distract oneself from an uncomfortable feeling).
Self motivation (the ability to move ahead with confidence and enthusiasm).
Impulse control (the ability to delay pleasure until a task has been accomplished).
__________________________________________

25. People skills (the ability to emphasize, understand, communicate, and cooperate with others).

26. French Psychologist ____________________devised the first modern intelligence test.
The original version of the test was first used in 1905.
Binet’s test yielded a score called a mental age.

27. Alfred Binet

28. Binet’s test yielded a score called a(n) ______________________.

29. mental age

30. A(n) ____________________________is a number that reflects the relationship between a child’s mental age and his or her actual, or chronological age (CA).

31. intelligence quotient (IQ)

32. What is the IQ equation?

33. The IQ = (mental age divided by chronological age ) x 100.

34. The Wechsler scales differ from the Stanford Binet test in several important ways:
________________________________
The Stanford-Binet measures verbal ability, whereas the Wechsler scales measure both verbal and nonverbal abilities.
Because the Wechsler tests yield three scores (verbal, nonverbal, and combined), they can be used to identify particular learning disabilities.

35. The Wechsler scales do not use mental age.

36. An IQ test must meet two criteria:

37. reliable
valid

38. The reliability of a test refers to its ______________________.
A reliable intelligence test should obtain similar IQ scores on different testing occasions.

39. consistency

40. A test that is ___________________would give an advantage to a particular group.

41. culturally biased

42. The average IQ is __________, which about half the people in the United States obtain.
People who attain IQ scores of 70 or below are defined by psychologists are MR (Intellectual disability).

43. 100

44. People who attain scores of ____________ or above are defined by psychologists as gifted.

45. 130

46. Profound MR
IQs below ________________.
Barely communicate
May show basic emotional responses.
They cannot feed or dress themselves and are dependent on other people for their care throughout their lives.

47. 20

48. Causes of MR
Accidents that result in brain damage.
Difficulties during childbirth.
_____________________________________.
Genetic disorders.

49. Pregnant women who abuse alcohol and drugs, are malnourished, or who have other health problems

50. Some researches believe that motivation and ___________________ contribute to giftedness.

51. creativity

52. A person who has MR and yet exhibits extraordinary skills, even brilliance, in a particular field is called a(n)…

53. Savant

54. English psychiatrist Lorna Selfe identified a girl named Nadia.
What was unique about Nadia?

55. Nadia had diminished mental skills and could not speak.
However, she had a remarkable talent for drawing and her creative ability was indisputable.

56. What was unique about Lawrence Kim Peek?

57. He had a photographic memory.

58. IQ scores of ______________________ are more similar than those of any other group of people.

59. identical twins

60. _________________________is the extent to which variations in a trait from person to person can be explained by genetic factors.
Most studies of adopted children have found that their IQ scores are more like those of the biological parents than those of the adoptive parents.

61. Heritability

62. ____________________, beginning in the 1960s, was designed to give economically disadvantaged children a better start in school.

63. Head Start

64. A Seattle Study found that intellectual functioning in older people is linked to several environmental factors:
Level of income
Level of education
A history of stimulating jobs
Intact family life
Attendance at cultural events, travel, and reading
Marriage to a spouse with a high level of intellectual functioning
_____________________________________

65. A flexible personality

66. No matter what genes a person may have inherited, that person’s _________________ is not fixed or unchangeable.

67. intelligence