1. Regional and Transregional Interaction c. 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.
By: Jon H, Michael P, Ryan R, Courtney V

2. Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Transportation technologies & Commercial practices.
II. Environmental & Linguistic effects.
III. Cross- cultural exchanges by new networks of trade
IV. Continued diffusion of crops & pathogens throughout Eastern Hemisphere

3. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities, because it helped expand their trade boundaries.
The Silk Road caravan route connected China & the Middle East across Central Asia. It carried precious items like Tang dynasty pottery, spices, fine textiles, and silk cloth across Asia.
The Mediterranean Sea spread the wealth of the Byzantine Empire and the ideas of religious teachings from the Middle East to Europe via christian missionaries. The area also had cosmopolitan interaction between Asia, Europe, and Africa.
The Trans-Saharan caravan route was key to the expansion of the Islamic Caliphate and faith connecting them with West Africa. Carried items like Gold & Salt that helped boost Mediterranean and African (Ghana) wealth.
The Indian Ocean basins linked China, India, Southeast Asia, Arabia, and East Africa. Interaction caused development of new technologies, enhancing the efficiency of sea trade.

4. D. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
• China was ruled by the Ming Empire after the fall of the Yuan Empire was majorly invested in building a navy leading to the voyages of Zheng He across the Indian Ocean Maritime Trade System.
• The Byzantine Empire controlled the mediterranean sea trade between anatolia and greece as well as the Black Sea. Until the Ottomans sacked Constantinople.
• The Caliphates facilitated north african trade leading to the foundation of the Mali Empire. The wealth that poured into Africa led to Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca.
• The Mongols conquered Asia leading to their facilitation of the Silk Road used for safe trade between Asian and Europe, as well as communicating the newly conquered land of Kievan Russia.

5. II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
B.Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
• The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples iron technologies, agricultural techniques, and domesticated plants such as grains and tubers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Polynesian peoples migrated across the Pacific ocean, changing hunting methods such as fishing.

6. C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.
The Bantu language spread with the growing communication of African nations. Eventually it diffused into different languages such as Swahili.
Arabic was also spread with the conquest of the Islamic Caliphate increasing the language use in northern Africa and surrounding areas in the middle east.

7. III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication
B) Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries
E) Increased cross-cultural interaction results in diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.

8. B) Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries
Muhammad: Was born in Mecca in 570.
Muhammad was spoken to by the angel Gabriel and started subsequent revelations with close friends and families.
His close friends and families have begun to share this conviction.
The revelation said to all people to submit to god and accept Muhammad as the last of his messengers. Doing this would make one a muslim, meaning one who makes “submission,” Islam, to the will of god.
Islam spreads through military expansion -
Umayyad caliphs conducted over an ethnically defined Arab realm rather than a religious empire.
Their armies were mostly consisted of almost entirely of Muslim Arabs.
The Umayyad dynasty fell in 750.
Converts to Islam were significant because of the comparatively small number of arab warriors
Muhammad’s uncles establishes the Abbasid Caliphate.
Caliphs began to purchase Turkic slaves, mamaluks, and established them as a standing army.
Mamaluks began to revolt when the government could no longer pay them.
Abbasid Caliphate fell under control of the rude mountain warriors from the province of Daylam in northern Iran.
Mamaluks began to expand into Iraq and Iran.
Converts to Islam and their descendants, unconverted Arabic-speaking christians, and Jews joined with the comparatively few descendants of Arab settlers to create new architectural and literary styles.

9. E) Diffusion of scientific and technological traditions
New type of Roman Plow -
The new plow cut deep into soil while a curved board mounted behind the blades lifted the cut layer and turned it over.
Allowed farmers to farm heavy, wet clays of the northern river valleys.
Horses -
Replaced oxes and allowed farmers to plow faster
Iron horseshoes -
Used to protect horses feet.
Horse collar -
Horse collars were used to move the point of traction from the animal’s throat to its shoulder.
Gunpowder -
A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions.
Used to make explosives, grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
Moveable Type -
Replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page.
Allowed for cheaper printing of many kinds of informative books and of test materials.

10. E) Diffusion of scientific and technological traditions Cont.
Astronomy-
Nicholas Copernicus ( ) was a Polish monk and astronomer who proposed the model of lunar movement developed under the Il-khans as the proper model for planetary movement.
Mathematics-
Omar Khayyam laid new foundations for algebra and trigonometry.
Followers working at an observatory built for Nasir al -Din used new mathematical techniques to solve a fundamental problem in classical cosmology.
Guns -
Guns were used as weapons to fight enemies during wars.
Revolutionized how wars were fought
Water wheels -
Water wheels were used to harness energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery
Windmills-
Windmills were common in comparatively dry lands like Spain and in northern Europe,where ice made water wheels useless in winter.

11. IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes
A) New foods & agricultural techniques adopted in populated areas
B)Spread of epidemic diseases followed well established paths of trade and military conquest

12. New Foods & Agricultural Techniques
A) Water Systems & Irrigation -
Southeast India built series of stone and earthen dams across rivers to store water for gradual release through elaborate irrigation canals.
Calendar -
The development of an accurate calendar to time planting and harvests and the domestication of frost-resistant varieties of potatoes and grains.
Freeze-dried vegetables -
Used cold, dry climate to produce freeze-dried vegetables and meat products.
Chinampas-
Narrow artificial islands constructed along lakeshores or in marshes
Permitted year-round agriculture because of its subsurface irrigation and resistance to frost.
Champa rice -
Chinese farmers made use of this fast-maturing variety to improve their yields of the essential crops.
New foods
Corn
Maize
Sweet Potatoes

13. B) Spread of epidemic diseases
Bubonic Plague -
The bubonic plague was a bacterial disease of fleas that could be transferred by flea bites to rodents and humans.
The plague bacillus became infectious among rodent populations in parts of southwestern China
Disease followed trade to Korea, Japan, and Tibet.
Typhus
Influenza
Small Pox
Black Death -
The black death was an outbreak that scattered across Asia,
North Africa, and Europe
Killed off a third of western Europeans
Skilled and manual laborers demanded higher pay for their services.

14. Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state emerged.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.

15. New Governance: Islamic States
Muhammad-Founder of Islam and also an Arabian political leader
Caliphates-A name of an empire which was headed by one of Muhammad’s successors
Sunni vs Shi’ite conflict-Sunnis believed that the successor of Muhammad should have been an Imam and the Shi’ites believed that it needed to be Ali (or family member of Muhammad)

16. New Governance: Mongol Empire
Khan- Supreme leader
Different Khanates- Similar to the caliphates in the Islamic World, these were various principalities which were under Mongol Rule
Yuan China- United China’s multiple provinces and incorporated Chinese ideas such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism in their rule.

17. Governance: Japan/Europe
Feudalism- These two areas had developed a rigid social structure where officials/landowners and warriors typically were higher in status than craftsmen/traders and agricultural workers.

18. Ancient Networks in the Americas
Maya- Never unified politically, many rival kingdoms, had many elaborate religious rituals that usually involved blood letting
Aztec- Were on a constant conquest, had tribute system
Incas- Extended around the Western Coast of South America and centered at the valley of Cuzco, had extensive rocky paths across the Andes

19. Technological and Cultural Transfers
Tang China and Abbasids: Math, Science, Silk, Porcelain, Eastern goods
Mongol Empire: Different khanates kept interactions which often resulted in a great diffusion of Islam.
Crusades: Europeans learned many things
from Arabic translations of Greek scientific
and philosophical works but also received
information from Arab and Iranian thought.

20. Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
II. Cities varied with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization due to expanding trade networks.
III. Continuities included social structure and methods of production; Changes occurred in labor management and the effect of converting religions on gender roles and family life.

21. I. Innovation = agricultural and industrial production
B. Afro-Eurasia had many luxury goods that were increasing in demand. As a result, crops were transferred to places of similar climate.
- Vietnam: Champa rice
- Malay people: migration

22. I. Innovation = agricultural and industrial production (continued)
C. Textile/porcelain production (China, India, Persia) & iron and steel increase (China)
- Spinning wheel
- Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
- Porcelain: a luxury good
- iron → steel

23. II. Expanding trade = periods of decline and increase of urbanization
A. Factors of decline:
invasion (Ex. Constantinople)
disease
decrease of agriculture
Little Ice Age

24. II. Expanding trade = periods of decline and increase of urbanization (continued)
B. Factors of revival:
invasions stopped - in some areas cities were replaced such as Beijing
safe/reliable transport
temperature increase
labor supply

25. III. Continuities and Changes in society
A. Forms of labor organization:
free peasant agr.
pastoralism
guilds - Europe
coerced labor - growth in slavery
serfdom - Europe & Japan
labor taxes - Incan mita
military obligations - Mongol Empire

26. III. Continuities and Changes in society (continued)
D. Changes in gender relations and family structure due to the spread of religions.
Buddhism → India, Tang Empire, Japan, Tibet
Christianity → Europe, Kievan Russia
Islam → Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, North Africa
Neoconfucianism → Song China,
Vietnam

27. Changes The Europeans grew into a stronger world power than before.
European diseases had wiped out the majority of Amerindian and Caribbean natives.
Anatolia had been seized from the Orthodox Christians to the Muslim Ottomans.
China was getting less separated and more centralized.
The Europeans were interacting with the Africans more and more.

28. Continuities
China had stayed loyal to their original ideas which included Confucianism and state mandated examinations.
South America and Africa remained as mainly agrarian societies.
Islam had maintained a great wave of influence over Central Asia, Arabia, Middle East, North Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
The East had shared little interactions with the West if not through Middlemen.

29. Theme 1: Interaction between Humans & the Environment
People learned how to effectively farm in Mesoamerica using inventions like chinampas but they also hurt the environment through depleting the soil by slash and burn agriculture.
The Black Death had dramatically reduced the population in Europe.
People had traded many items from unique climate zones

30. Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Cultures
Central America ←→South America
Islamic World ←→Europe
China←→Europe
African tribes←→ Other African tribes
Africa←→ Islamic World

31. Theme 3: State Building, Expansion, and Conflict
Most political structures were based of a monarchy but China kept a strong sense of bureaucracy based on Confucianism.
Empires were usually managed by many regional governors which reported to the central authority and gave them the people’s taxes.
Nations had only been in Western Europe such as England, Spain, Portugal, and Gaul.
All the rest of the world was under various empires.

32. Theme 4: Creation, Expansion & Interaction of Economic Systems
The labor systems included serfdom in Europe and Japan, guilds in Europe, military obligations in the Mongol Empire, the mita system in the Inca Empire, pastoralism, and free peasant agriculture.
These systems created the economic systems of each region.
Innovations in agriculture and the production and transportation of goods, such as plows, moveable type, and ships, were created.
Trade networks expanded such as the Silk Road, maritime routes,
routes across the Sahara.

33. Theme 5: Development & Transformation of Social Structures
Women played an important role in family roles, but not in public roles.
Muslim women inherited property and retained it in marriage, right to remarry and receive cash payment upon divorce, and initiate divorces under specified conditions.
Arabs, once living in cosmopolitan urban settings, lost their previously strong attachment to kinship and ethnic identity.

34. Quiz Questions
Which of the following caliphates included the Iberian peninsula?
A)Safavid
B)Fatimid
C)Abbasid
D)Umayyad
What was the biggest argument between the Sunnis and the Shi’ites?
A)The son who Abraham was supposed to sacrifice to God
B) The person who deserves to be Muhammad’s successor
C) Which group deserves power of the Gaza strip
D) That their version of the Qu’ran is the correct one

35. Quiz Questions Where did the Europeans learn the idea of water wheels?
A) Islamic world
B) Chinese
C) Mongols
D) Greeks
Which European Group had the greatest presence in West Africa during the 15th century?
A)Portugese
B)English
C)Dutch
D)French

36. Quiz Questions True or False?
Silk Road drove the gold & salt trade during the time period of 600 c.e. to 1450 c.e. leading to African wealth in Ghana.
The major spread of Christianity was caused by…
A) Mongols
B) Byzantine conquest
C) Merchants
D) none of the above
The large amount of early Islamic conquests under Muhammad and his descendants led to rapid conversions to Islam.

37. Quiz Question What was Muhammad’s first supernatural encounter?
A) Allah gave him dreams to spread his word
B) Seeing the angel Gabriel one night
C) Being tempted by a series of desert spirits/jinns
D) Hearing the voice of the prophet Abraham